{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:16:35Z","timestamp":1778310995251,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["645101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["645101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new signal processing technique has been developed for resistive metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors to enable high-bandwidth measurements and enhanced selectivity at PPM levels (&lt;5 PPM VOCs). An embedded micro-heater is thermally pulsed from a temperature of 225 to 350 \u00b0C, which enables the chemical reaction kinetics of the sensing film to be extracted using a fast Fourier transform. Signal processing is performed in real-time using a low-cost microcontroller integrated into a sensor module. Three sensors, coated with SnO2, WO3 and NiO respectively, were operated and processed at the same time. This approach enables the removal of long-term baseline drift and is more resilient to changes in ambient temperature. It also greatly reduced the measurement time from ~10 s to 2 s or less. Bench-top experimental results are presented for 0 to 200 ppm of acetone, and 0 ppm to 500 ppm of ethanol. Our results demonstrate our sensor system can be used on a mobile robot for real-time gas sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T04:58:35Z","timestamp":1552021115000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Real-Time Thermal Modulation of High Bandwidth MOX Gas Sensors for Mobile Robot Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4706-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian W.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0428-5","article-title":"Effectiveness and acceptability of a virtual environment for assessing human\u2013robot collaboration in manufacturing","volume":"92","author":"Matsas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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