{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:16:46Z","timestamp":1786731406047,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["61873249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61873249"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coverage is a vital indicator which reflects the performance of directional sensor networks (DSNs). The random deployment of directional sensor nodes will lead to many covergae blind areas and overlapping areas. Besides, the premature death of nodes will also directly affect the service quality of network due to limited energy. To address these problems, this paper proposes a new area coverage and energy consumption optimization approach based on improved adaptive particle swarm optimization (IAPSO). For area coverage problem, we set up a multi-objective optimization model in order to improve coverage ratio and reduce redundancy ratio by sensing direction rotation. For energy consumption optimization, we make energy consumption evenly distribute on each sensor node by clustering network. We set up a cluster head selection optimization model which considers the total residual energy ratio and energy consumption balance degree of cluster head candidates. We also propose a cluster formation algorithm in which member nodes choose their cluster heads by weight function. We next utilize an IAPSO to solve two optimization models to achieve high coverage ratio, low redundancy ratio and energy consumption balance. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the our proposed approach performs better than other ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1552044119000},"page":"1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An Area Coverage and Energy Consumption Optimization Approach Based on Improved Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization for Directional Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Song","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8672-0193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghua","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"876","article-title":"A Survey on Barrier Coverage Problem in Directional Sensor Networks","volume":"10","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal Deployment of Energy-Harvesting Directional Sensor Networks for Target Coverage","volume":"99","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10878-006-5975-x","article-title":"Coverage by directional sensors in randomly deployed wireless sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Ai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comb. Optim."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"687","article-title":"A Survey on Cluster Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"45","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D., Minet, P., Kunz, T., and Lamont, L. (2011, January 20\u201324). New findings on the complexity of cluster head selection algorithms. Proceedings of the International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Lucca, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2011.5986490"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1739-2","article-title":"Finding approximate solutions of NP-hard optimization and TSP problems using elephant search algorithm","volume":"72","author":"Deb","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zou, Y., and Chakrabarty, K. (April, January 30). Sensor deployment and target localization based on virtual forces. Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications IEEE Societies, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2007.1048","article-title":"SMART: A Scan-Based Movement-Assisted Sensor Deployment Method in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wang, R.C., Huang, H.P., and Sun, L.J. (2009, January 22\u201324). Voronoi Based Area Coverage Optimization for Directional Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security, Nanchang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISECS.2009.116"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2006.80","article-title":"Movement-assisted sensor deployment","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panov, S., and Koceski, S. (2014, January 15\u201319). Area coverage in wireless sensor network by using harmony search algorithm. Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing, Budva, Montenegro.","DOI":"10.1109\/MECO.2014.6862696"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.03.002","article-title":"An adaptive energy-efficient area coverage algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Torkestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C.K., Cheng, Y.C., and Li, C.F. (2014, January 27\u201329). A Virtual Force Based Movement Scheme for Area Coverage in Directional Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, Kitakyushu, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2014.185"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Liang, C.K., He, M.C., and Tsai, C.H. (2010, January 20\u201322). Movement Assisted Sensor Deployment in Directional Sensor Network. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2563435","article-title":"Enhanced Deployment Algorithms for Heterogeneous Directional Mobile Sensors in a Bounded Monitoring Area","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Years, I.R. (2013). Distributed Voronoi-Based Self-Redeployment for Coverage Enhancement in a Mobile Directional Sensor Network. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 1\u201315."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G.L., You, S., Ren, J.J., Li, D.M., and Wang, L. (2016). Local Coverage Optimization Strategy Based on Voronoi for Directional Sensor Networks. Sensors., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122183"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2015.071694","article-title":"Localised sensor direction adjustments with geometric structures of Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangulation for directional sensor Networks","volume":"20","author":"Sung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, D., Tang, S., and Liu, L. (2013, January 14\u201316). Constrained Artificial Fish-Swarm Based Area Coverage Optimization Algorithm for Directional Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2013.89"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2007.012981","article-title":"Some problems of directional sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Zhao, J., and Zeng, J.C. (2009, January 17\u201319). A virtual potential field based coverage algorithm for directional networks. Proceedings of the Control and Decision Conference, Guilin, China."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2039131","article-title":"A Virtual Centripetal Force-Based Coverage-Enhancing Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Lindsey, S., and Raghavendra, C.S. (2002, January 9\u201316). PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems. Proceedings of the Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Loscri, V., Morabito, G., and Marano, S. (2005, January 25\u201328). A two-levels hierarchy for low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (TL-LEACH). Proceedings of the Vehicular Technology Conference, Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3732-4","article-title":"Improvement on LEACH protocol of a wide-area wireless sensor network","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2417543","article-title":"Spatial Reusability-Aware Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks","volume":"65","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.2297105","article-title":"Relible multicast with pipelined network coding using opportunistic feeding and routing","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2011.145","article-title":"Approximating Congestion + Dilation in Networks via \u201cQuality of Routing\u201d Games","volume":"61","author":"Busch","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, H.B., and Jinwala, D.C. (2015, January 15\u201317). E-LEACH: Improving the LEACH protocol for privacy preservation in secure data aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, Gwalior, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2014.7036607"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1257","article-title":"A survey on LEACH based energy aware protocols for wireless sensor network","volume":"4","author":"Ghotra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tillett, J., Rao, R., and Sahin, F. (2002, January 15\u201317). Cluster-head identification in ad hoc sensor networks using particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"767","article-title":"Improving on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic","volume":"7","author":"Ran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inf. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guru, S.M., Halgamuge, S.K., and Fernando, S. (2005, January 5\u20138). Particle Swarm Optimisers for Cluster formation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2005.1595599"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latiff, N.M.A., Tsimenidis, C.C., and Sharif, B.S. (2007, January 3\u20137). Energy-Aware Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks using Particle Swarm Optimization. Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2007.4394521"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2192-1962-2-13","article-title":"A novel energy-aware cluster head selection based on particle swarm optimization for wireless sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum.-Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1270-7","article-title":"Energy efficient clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks: Novel chemical reaction optimization approach","volume":"23","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rao, P.C.S., and Banka, H. (2015, January 24\u201326). PSO-Based Multiple-sink Placement Algorithm for Protracting the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computer and Communication Technologies, Hyderabad, India."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kennedy, J. (December, January 27). Particle Swarm Optimization. Proceedings of the Icnn95-international Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:37:24Z","timestamp":1760186244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]}}}