{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T20:54:54Z","timestamp":1768078494829,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["Z16002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z16002"]}]},{"name":"Special Scientific Research Fund of Meteorological Public Welfare Profession of China","award":["GYHY201006044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GYHY201006044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind speed and direction are important parameters in meteorological observation. A solid wind sensor is needed with a small quadcopter for boundary layer meteorological observation. In this paper, the principle of a cylindrical two-dimensional wind sensor is reported and the data from wind tunnel experiments are analyzed. A model is proposed to describe the distribution of the pressure difference across a diameter of a cylinder, and the wind sensor is fabricated with MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) differential pressure sensors. The wind sensor cylinder has a small size with a diameter of 30 mm and a height of 80 mm. In wind tunnel tests in the range of 1 to 40 m\/s, the relative speed measuring errors and the direction measuring errors of the prototype are no more than \u00b1 (0.2 + 0.03 V) m\/s (V is standard wind speed) and 5\u00b0, respectively. An inclination angle model is proposed to correct the influence of tilt angle on the quadcopter platform, the wind sensor can maintain the original wind speed and direction measurement accuracy within the 30\u00b0 inclination range after compensation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1552044119000},"page":"1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High Accuracy and Miniature 2-D Wind Sensor for Boundary Layer Meteorological Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongjian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianghua","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7581-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.11.274","article-title":"Wind speed and direction detection by means of solid-state anemometers embedded on small quadcopters","volume":"168","author":"Bruschi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2010.11.009","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of a directional anemometer based on a single chip MEMS flow sensor","volume":"88","author":"Piotto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microelectron. 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Microeng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2011.2179014","article-title":"Fabrication of a Micromachine d Two Dimensional Wind Sensor by Au-Au Wafer Bonding Technology","volume":"21","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2030652","article-title":"A low-power 2-D wind sensor based on integrated flow meters","volume":"9","author":"Bruschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2009.07.365","article-title":"A Miniaturized 2D Solid State Anemometer Based on Thermal Flow Sensors","volume":"1","author":"Piotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2236014","article-title":"High Sensitivity, Miniature, Full 2-D Anemometer Based on MEMS Hot-Film Sensors","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4943222","article-title":"A directional cylindrical anemometer with four sets of differential pressure sensors","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2013.09.007","article-title":"Drag force on a free surface-piercing yawed circular cylinder in steady flow","volume":"43","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hoerner, S.F. (1965). Fluid-Dynamic Drag: Practical Information on Aerodynamic Drag and Hydrodynamic Resistance, Hoerner Fluid Dynamics."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:37:24Z","timestamp":1760186244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051194","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]}}}