{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:29:28Z","timestamp":1790519368953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]],"date-time":"2019-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21676015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21676015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014CB745100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB745100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucose concentration is an important physiological index, therefore methods for sensitive detection of glucose are important. In this study, Au foam was prepared by electrodeposition with a dynamic gas template on an Au nanoparticle\/Si substrate. The Au foam showed ultrasensitivity, high selectivity, and long-term stability in the quantitative detection of glucose. The foam was used as an electrode, and the amperometric response indicated excellent catalytic activity in glucose oxidation, with a linear response across the concentration range 0.5 \u03bcM to 12 mM, and a limit of detection of 0.14 \u03bcM. High selectivity for interfering molecules at six times the normal level and long-term stability for 30 days were obtained. The results for electrochemical detection with Au foam of glucose in human serum were consistent with those obtained with a sensor based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and a commercial sensor. This proves that this method can be used with real samples. These results show that Au foam has great potential for use as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1552362571000},"page":"1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Highly Responsive and Ultrasensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor Based on Au Foam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nannan","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"520","article-title":"Punica granatum L. Fruit Aqueous Extract Suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated p53\/p65\/miR-145 Expressions followed by Elevated Levels of irs-1 in Alloxan-Diabetic Rats","volume":"19","author":"Gharib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068123a","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose biosensors","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600101","article-title":"The need for clinical accuracy guidelines for blood glucose monitors","volume":"6","author":"Klonoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2018.01.018","article-title":"Monitoring complex monosaccharide mixtures derived from macroalgae biomass by combined optical and microelectromechanical techniques","volume":"68","author":"Chudnovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-015-0286-4","article-title":"Measurement of Fructose, Glucose, Maltose and Sucrose in Barley Malt Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Mid-infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217023","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5217023","article-title":"Monitoring of glucose in beer brewing by a carbon nanotubes based nylon nanofibrous biosensor","volume":"2016","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1117\/1.429962","article-title":"Optical glucose sensing in biological fluids: An overview","volume":"5","author":"McNichols","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.04.128","article-title":"Turn-off fluorescence sensor based on the 5,10,15,20-(4-sulphonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4)-Fe2+system: Detecting of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose in the actual sample","volume":"268","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202878q","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","volume":"84","author":"Kimmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.05.055","article-title":"Chromatographic separation of ethyl-\u03b2-d-glucopyranoside and d-glucose with steady-state recycling chromatography","volume":"169","author":"Heinonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068069y","article-title":"Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Applications in Diabetes Management","volume":"108","author":"Heller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.05.051","article-title":"Electrodepositable alginate membranes for enzymatic sensors: An amperometric glucose biosensor for whole blood analysis","volume":"97","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.10.002","article-title":"Brilliant green sequestered poly(amic) acid film for dual-mode detection: Fluorescence and electrochemical enzymatic biosensor","volume":"256","author":"Maiga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-012-0923-1","article-title":"Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose","volume":"180","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13293","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03633J","article-title":"Recent developments in 2D layered inorganic nanomaterials for sensing","volume":"7","author":"Kannan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.04.023","article-title":"Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on hierarchical 3D Co3O4\/Ni heterostructure electrode for pushing sensitivity boundary to a new limit","volume":"267","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.10.051","article-title":"Nonenzymatic biosensor based on CuxO nanoparticles deposited on polypyrrole nanowires for improving detection range","volume":"42","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.01.044","article-title":"Ni-Co\/Fe3O4flower-like nanocomposite for the highly sensitive and selective enzyme free glucose sensor applications","volume":"703","author":"Vennila","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22545","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b07260","article-title":"Modern Approach to the Synthesis of Ni(OH)2 Decorated Sulfur Doped Carbon Nanoparticles for the Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor","volume":"8","author":"Karikalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1039\/C2AN36138H","article-title":"Ni foam: A novel three-dimensional porous sensing platform for sensitive and selective nonenzymatic glucose detection","volume":"138","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2003.10.013","article-title":"Nonenzymatic glucose detection using multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-3221-5","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors","volume":"382","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.070","article-title":"Effective seed-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles anchored nitrogen-doped graphene for electrochemical detection of glucose and dopamine","volume":"81","author":"Thanh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.04.065","article-title":"Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensing using gold nanocages as efficient electrode material","volume":"233","author":"Soomro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1021\/am200782x","article-title":"Preparation of AuPt alloy foam films and their superior electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of formic acid","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9182","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc03696j","article-title":"Honeycomb nanogold networks with highly active sites","volume":"46","author":"Plowman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CC06638C","article-title":"Building with bubbles: The formation of high surface area honeycomb-like films via hydrogen bubble templated electrodeposition","volume":"51","author":"Plowman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4889850","article-title":"Recyclable surface-enhanced Raman scattering template based on nanoporous gold film\/Si nanowire arrays","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.11.017","article-title":"Electrodeposited highly porous gold microelectrodes for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of aqueous glucose","volume":"192","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1021\/la203625e","article-title":"Nanoporous Pt@AuxCu100-x by hydrogen evolution assisted electrodeposition of AuxCu100-x and galvanic replacement of Cu with Pt: Electrocatalytic properties","volume":"28","author":"Cherevko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.105","article-title":"Chitosan cryogel with embedded gold nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified electrode for highly sensitive flow based non-enzymatic glucose sensor","volume":"246","author":"Kangkamano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2003.12.022","article-title":"Effect of metal ad-layers on Au(1 1 1) electrodes on electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in an alkaline solution","volume":"567","author":"Aoun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.05.080","article-title":"Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors","volume":"556","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.04.038","article-title":"Eggshell membrane-templated synthesis of 3D hierarchical porous Au networks for electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensor","volume":"96","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.06.116","article-title":"Electrochemical oxidation and determination of glucose in alkaline media based on Au (111)-like nanoparticle array on indium tin oxide electrode","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.12.050","article-title":"Morphology-controllable gold nanostructures on phosphorus doped diamond-like carbon surfaces and their electrocatalysis for glucose oxidation","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"McNaught, A.D., and Wilkinson, A. (2014). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Blackwell Scientific Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.06.322","article-title":"Highly selective non-enzyme glucose detection based on Co-CoO-Co3O4 nanocomposites prepared via a solution-combustion and subsequent heat-treating route","volume":"723","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-012-1674-y","article-title":"Direct electrochemical non-enzymatic assay of glucose using functionalized graphene","volume":"16","author":"Mallesha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.10.151","article-title":"A novel ATP quantification method combining glucose phosphorylation with surface-enhanced Raman scattering","volume":"241","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:37:33Z","timestamp":1760186253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]]}}}