{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:56:47Z","timestamp":1774367807200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]],"date-time":"2019-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Port Authority System of the Northern Adriatic Sea","award":["CIG Z851E17165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIG Z851E17165"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aids to Navigation (AtoN) are auxiliary devices intended to support maritime navigation. They include both traditional signals (e.g., buoys and lights) and electronic aids, as for example those transmitted to ships through automatic tracking systems. In both cases, international organizations together with local authorities define technical specifications and standards on their use. Work still being finalized in the Venetian Lagoon made it necessary an assessment of the existing signaling system to guarantee the maximum level of safety in the waterways. Considering the severe atmospheric conditions to which the Lagoon is frequently subjected and the bathymetry restrictions affecting the navigation, an alternative aid system has been formalized for the first time in Italy. It is based on electronic and identification devices employed to virtualize the AtoN that will not be located at sea but only remotely identified by their coded messages, thus guaranteeing the continuity of port operations in any visibility conditions. This paper presents the procedures followed to reach a solution in line with the safety and efficiency standards given for the AtoN systems, considering position and luminous characteristics of physical signals in the first case, theoretical and statistical studies on Virtual AIS AtoN placement in the second case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1552362571000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optimization of the Maritime Signaling System in the Lagoon of Venice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Di Ciaccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies, Parthenope University of Naples, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Menegazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategic Planning, Port Authority of Venice, 30123 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4311-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies, Parthenope University of Naples, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IALA (2017). The IALA Maritime Buoyage System, IALA. Recommendation R1001, Ed. 1.0."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Chen, T., Liu, D., Shi, C., and Ying, S. (2011, January 28\u201329). Study on Navigation-aid System Optimization Based on Post-evaluation Theory. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICTA.2011.73"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"IALA (2008). Marine Signal Lights Part 2\u2014Calculation, Definition and Notation of Luminous Range, IALA. Recommendation E-200-2, Ed. 1."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IMO (2017, November 15). E-Navigation. Available online: http:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/OurWork\/safety\/navigation\/pages\/enavigation.aspx."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"101016","article-title":"Improving and Assessing the Impact of e-Navigation applications","volume":"4","author":"Baldauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. e-Navig. Marit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Perera, L.P., Carvalho, J.P., and Guedes Soares, C. (2009, January 23\u201324). Autonomous guidance and navigation based on the COLREGs rules and regulations of collision avoidance. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Advanced Ship Design for Pollution Prevention, Split, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"31","article-title":"Interaction of Harsh Weather Operation and Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Navigation","volume":"9","author":"Burmeister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mar. Navig. Saf. Sea Transp."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, February 15). The Commissioners of Irish Lights, Rigg Bank Virtual AtoN. Available online: https:\/\/www.irishlights.ie\/misc\/rigg-bank-virtual-aid-to-navigation.aspx."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463316000527","article-title":"Virtual Electronic Aids to Navigation for Remote and Ecologically Sensitive Regions","volume":"70","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Ciaccio, F., Menegazzo, P., and Troisi, S. (2018, January 8\u201310). Optimization of the Maritime Signaling in the Venetian Lagoon. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea, Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroSea.2018.8657844"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"IALA (2008). Marine Signal Lights Part 3\u2014Measurement, IALA. Recommendation E-200-3, Ed. 1."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"IALA (2008). Marine Signal Lights Part 4\u2014Determination and Calculation of Effective Intensity, IALA. Recommendation E-200-4, Ed. 1."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Park, J.S., Park, Y.S., Cho, I.S., and Kim, D.W. (2011, January 12\u201314). Marine Traffic Safety Diagnostic Scheme in Korea. Proceedings of the 12th Annual General Assembly of IAMU: Green Ships, Eco Shipping, Clean Seas, Gdynia, Poland. Available online: http:\/\/iamu-edu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Marine-Traffic-Safety-Diagnostic-Scheme-in-Korea1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.7837\/kosomes.2015.21.3.246","article-title":"A Comparison of ES and PARK Maritime Traffic Risk Assessment Models in a Korean Waterway","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"123","article-title":"Design and Establishment of Database on the AtoN Properties for AtoN Simulator","volume":"3","author":"Yeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. e-Navig. Marit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"IMO (2012). Safety of Navigation. SOLAS, IMO Publishing. Chapter V."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"IMO (1998). Adoption of New and Amended Performance Standards, IMO Publishing. Resolution MSC.74(69)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"IALA (2014). Navguide, Aids to Navigation Manual, IALA. Ed. 7."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"ITU-R (2014). Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band, ITU-R. Recommendation ITU-R M.1371-5."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"IMO (2010). Guidance for the Presentation and Display of AIS Application-Specific Messages Information, IMO Publishing. SN.1\/Circ.290."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"IMO (2010). Guidance on the Use of AIS Application-Specific Messages, IMO Publishing. SN.1\/Circ.289."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ITU-R (2015). Assignment and Use of Identities in the Maritime Mobile Service, ITU-R. Recommendation ITU-R M.585-7."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"ITU (2018, January 11). Maritime Mobile Access and Retrieval System (MARS). Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-R\/terrestrial\/mars\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"IALA (2013). Provision of Virtual Aids to Navigation, IALA. Guideline 1081, Ed. 1.1."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"IALA (2013). Provision of Virtual Aids to Navigation, IALA. Recommendation O-143, Ed. 1.1."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Norris, A. (2010). Integrated Bridge Systems. ECDIS and Positioning, The Nautical Institute."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"31","article-title":"Combined Maneuvering Analysis, AIS and Full-Mission Simulation","volume":"1","author":"Moan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mar. Navig. Saf. Sea Transp."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Becker-Heins, R. (2016). Voyage Planning with ECDIS, Practical Guide for Navigators, Geomares Publishing."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2011.05.011","article-title":"Manoeuvring prediction of pusher barge in deep and shallow water","volume":"38","author":"Maimun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"193","article-title":"Simulation-Augmented Methods for Safe and Efficient Manoeuvres in Harbour Areas","volume":"10","author":"Benedict","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mar. Navig. Saf. Sea Transp."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:37:42Z","timestamp":1760186262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]]}}}