{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:18:05Z","timestamp":1780694285494,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]],"date-time":"2019-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41421001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41421001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAS Earth Big Data Science Project","award":["XDA19060303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19060303"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of LREIS","award":["O88RAA01YA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O88RAA01YA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information, especially spatial distribution data, related to coastal raft aquaculture is critical to the sustainable development of marine resources and environmental protection. Commercial high spatial resolution satellite imagery can accurately locate raft aquaculture. However, this type of analysis using this expensive imagery requires a large number of images. In contrast, medium resolution satellite imagery, such as Landsat 8 images, are available at no cost, cover large areas with less data volume, and provide acceptable results. Therefore, we used Landsat 8 images to extract the presence of coastal raft aquaculture. Because the high chlorophyll concentration of coastal raft aquaculture areas cause the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the edge features to be salient for the water background, we integrated these features into the proposed method. Three sites from north to south in Eastern China were used to validate the method and compare it with our former proposed method using only object-based visually salient NDVI (OBVS-NDVI) features. The new proposed method not only maintains the true positive results of OBVS-NDVI, but also eliminates most false negative results of OBVS-NDVI. Thus, the new proposed method has potential for use in rapid monitoring of coastal raft aquaculture on a large scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1552362571000},"page":"1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Extracting Coastal Raft Aquaculture Data from Landsat 8 OLI Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Engineering and Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Engineering and Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6776-2910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Engineering and Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengshuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.10.015","article-title":"Aquaculture: Relevance, distribution, impacts and spatial assessments\u2014A review","volume":"119","author":"Ottinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. 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