{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:54:55Z","timestamp":1775746495611,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]],"date-time":"2019-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programs of International Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchange of Sichuan Province","award":["2017HH0028; 2018HH0102;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017HH0028; 2018HH0102;"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Access and utilization of data are central to the cloud computing paradigm. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), the tendency of data sharing on the cloud has seen enormous growth. With data sharing comes numerous security and privacy issues. In the process of ensuring data confidentiality and fine-grained access control to data in the cloud, several studies have proposed Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) schemes, with Key Policy-ABE (KP-ABE) being the prominent one. Recent works have however suggested that the confidentiality of data is violated through collusion attacks between a revoked user and the cloud server. We present a secured and efficient Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE) scheme that incorporates an Inner-Product Encryption (IPE) scheme in which decryption of data is possible if the inner product of the private key, associated with a set of attributes specified by the data owner, and the associated ciphertext is equal to zero     0    . We utilize a blockchain network whose processing node acts as the proxy server and performs re-encryption on the data. In ensuring data confidentiality and preventing collusion attacks, the data are divided into two, with one part stored on the blockchain network and the other part stored on the cloud. Our approach also achieves fine-grained access control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1552362571000},"page":"1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Secured Proxy-Based Data Sharing Module in IoT Environments Using Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kwame Opuni-Boachie","family":"Obour Agyekum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"CETC Big Data Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"CETC Big Data Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Boateng","family":"Sifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7014-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianbin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Center for Digital Health, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moshen","family":"Guizani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.6069706","article-title":"The internet of things","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.02.016","article-title":"Internet of things: Vision applications and research challenges","volume":"10","author":"Miorandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.09.005","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of opportunistic IoT services with aggregate computing","volume":"91","author":"Casadei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, T.R., Savaglio, C., Lu, D., Massey, H., Wang, X., Wu, J., and Jafari, R. (2014, January 11\u201314). MotionSynthesis toolset (MoST): A toolset for human motion data synthesis and validation. Proceedings of the 4th ACM MobiHoc Workshop on Pervasive Wireless Healthcare, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2633651.2637472"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"15","article-title":"Is cloud computing really ready for prime time?","volume":"42","author":"Leavitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gartner: Seven cloud-computing security risks","volume":"2008","author":"Brodkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Netw. World"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, R., Golle, P., Jakobsson, M., Shi, E., Staddon, J., Masuoka, R., and Molina, J. (2009, January 13\u201313). Controlling data in the cloud: outsourcing computation without outsourcing control. Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1655008.1655020"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sahai, A., and Waters, B. (2005, January 22\u201326). Fuzzy identity-based encryption. Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Aarhus, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Liu, Q., and Wu, J. (2010, January 4\u20138). Hierarchical attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control in cloud storage services. Proceedings of the ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security CCS\u201910, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1866307.1866414"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Zhao, G., Rong, C., Li, J., Zhang, F., and Tang, Y. (December, January 30). Trusted data sharing over untrusted cloud storage providers. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Sciene, Indianapolis, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Wang, C., Ren, K., and Lou, W. (2010, January 14\u201319). Achieving secure, scalable, and fine-grained data access control in cloud computing. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications INFOCOM\u201910, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5462174"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-010-9405-9","article-title":"Inner-product encryption under standard assumptions","volume":"58","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Des. Codes Cryptogr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Qin, Z., Xiong, H., Wu, S., and Batamuliza, J. (2017). A survey of proxy re-encryption for secure data sharing in cloud computing. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput., 99."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepehri, M., Cimato, S., and Damiani, E. (2017, January 2). Efficient implementation of a proxy-based protocol for data sharing on the cloud. Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Workshop on Security in Cloud Computing, SCC@AsiaCCS 2017, Abu Dhabi, UAE.","DOI":"10.1145\/3055259.3055271"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepehri, M., Cimato, S., Damiani, E., and Yeuny, C.Y. (2015, January 20\u201322). Data Ssharing on the cloud: A scalable proxy-based protocol for privacy-preserving queries. Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Ubisafe Computing in Conjunction with 14th IEEE Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, TrustCom\/BigDataSE\/ISPA, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/Trustcom.2015.530"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"54","article-title":"Proxy cryptosystems: Delegation of the power to decrypt ciphertexts","volume":"80A","author":"Mambo","year":"1997","journal-title":"IICE Trans. Fundam. Electr. Commun. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaze, M., Bleumer, G., and Strauss, M. (1998). Divertible Protocols and Atomic Proxy Cryptography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0054122"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"El Gamal, T. (1985, January 18\u201322). A public key cryptosystem and a signature scheme based on discrete logarithms. Proceedings of the CRYPTO 84 on Advances in Cryptology, Santa Barbara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, J.-M., Song, Y.-J., and Park, N. (2001, January 23\u201325). Attribute based proxy re-encryption for data confidentiality in cloud computing environments. Proceedings of the 2011 First ACIS\/JNU International Conference on Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering (CNSI \u201911), Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/CNSI.2011.34"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11859-008-0522-5","article-title":"Attribute-based re-encryption scheme in the standard model","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Cao, Z., Lin, H., and Shao, J. (2009, January 10\u201312). Attribute based proxy re-encryption with delegating capabilities. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information, Computer, and Communications Security (ASIACCS\u201909), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/1533057.1533094"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S., Hu, J., and Chen, Z. (2010, January 15\u201317). Ciphertext policy attribute-based proxy re-encryption. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information and Communications Security (ICICS\u201910), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17650-0_28"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethencourt, J., Sahai, A., and Waters, B. (2007, January 20\u201323). Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP \u201907), Berkeley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2007.11"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Goyal, V., Pandey, O., Sahai, A., and Waters, B. (November, January 30). Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data. Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS\u201906), Alexandria, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Katz, J., Sahai, A., and Waters, B. (2008). Predicate Encryption Supporting Disjunctions, Polynomial Equations, and Inner Products, Springer."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, T., and Takashima, K. (2009). Hierarchical Predicate Encryption for Inner-Products, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10366-7_13"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.060598","article-title":"A routing-driven elliptic curve cryptography based key management scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.04.009","article-title":"A survey of key management schemes in wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2006.05.012","article-title":"An effective key management scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2008.4599222","article-title":"Security in wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0982-x","article-title":"Healthcare Blockchain System Using Smart Contracts for Secure Automated Remote Patient Monitoring","volume":"42","author":"Griggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kamau, G., Boore, C., Maina, E., and Njenga, S. (2018, January 9\u201311). Blockchain technology: Is this the solution to EMR interoperability and security issues in developing countries?. Proceedings of the 2018 IST-Africa Week Conference (IST-Africa), Gaborone, Botswana."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ekblaw, A., Azaria, A., Halamka, J.D., and Lippman, A. (2016, January 22\u201324). A case study for blockchain in healthcare: \u201cMedrec\u201d prototype for electronic health records and medical research data. Proceedings of the IEEE Open and Big Data Conference, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Q., Sifah, E.B., Smahi, A., Amofa, S., and Zhang, X. (2017). BBDS: Blockchain-based data sharing for electronic medical records in cloud environments. Information, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/info8020044"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0574-6","article-title":"Healthcare data gateways: found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control","volume":"40","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.162","article-title":"Multi-tier blockchain framework for IoT-EHRs systems","volume":"141","author":"Badr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539701398521","article-title":"Identity-based encryption from the Weil Pairing","volume":"32","author":"Boneh","year":"2003","journal-title":"SIAM J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, N., Kwak, J., Kim, H., Kim, S., and Won, D. (2006, January 16\u201318). WIPI mobile platform with secure service for mobile RFID network environment. Proceedings of the ICSE 2006 International Workshop on Web-based Internet Computing for Science and Engineering (In Conjunction with APWeb 2006), Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/11610496_100"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ateniese, G., Fu, K., Green, M., and Hohenberger, S. (2005, January 2\u20134). Improved proxy re-encryption schemes with applications to secure distributed storage. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS), San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. (2019, March 11). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available online: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:37:58Z","timestamp":1760186278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]}}}