{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:31:55Z","timestamp":1780349515300,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0601804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0601804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seismic imaging is the most effective geophysical method and has been extensively implemented to detect potential geological hazards in tunnels during construction. The coupling of geophones and the design of geometry in tunnels are the two major challenges. To ensure successful coupling, a high-sensitivity semi-automatic coupling geophone with a broadband was designed. In practice, this geophone is attached with a wheel and two springs. Once inserted into the borehole, an automatic coupling action occurs. This semi-automatic coupling design within the geophone not only guarantees good coupling, but reduces the time and costs usually required to install a traditional geophone. In the use of geophones for tunnel seismic detection, we propose two new two-dimensional (2D) seismic geometries based on the two commonly used geometries. A test to assess the effectiveness of the qualities of imaging from four geometries was completed by comparing the results of the forward modeling of sandwich models. The conclusion is that the larger the horizontal offset of the layout geometry, the higher the resolution of the imaging; the larger the vertical offset, the weaker the mirror image. The vertical offset is limited due to the narrow tunnel condition. Therefore, the mirror effect cannot be entirely eliminated; however, it can be further suppressed by constructing 2D geometry. The two newly proposed 2D geometries caused the imaging arc of the inter-layer, but suppressed the mirror image. The mirror image added a significant number of errors to the data, which could misguide tunnel construction; therefore the new 2D geometries are more reasonable than the two most commonly used. We applied one of the two new 2D geometries that was more practical to an actual project, the Chongqing Jinyunshan Tunnel in China, and acquired high-quality seismic data using two semi-automatic coupling geophones. The detection results were essentially consistent with the excavation conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T04:07:37Z","timestamp":1552450057000},"page":"1246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Application of a New Geophone and Geometry in Tunnel Seismic Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nengyi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depatrment of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinglin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2016.12.011","article-title":"An overview of ahead geological prospecting in tunneling","volume":"63","author":"Shucai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1235.2010.00232","article-title":"Prediction geoglogical hazards during tunnel construction","volume":"2","author":"Shucai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.2009.00823.x","article-title":"On the propagation characteristics of tunnel surface-waves for seismic prediction","volume":"58","author":"Stefan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1090","article-title":"State of art and trends of advanced geological prediction in tunnel construction","volume":"6","author":"Shucai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fei, C., Jiangping, L., Niannian, Q., Mao, M., and Liming, Z. (2014). Two-dimensional pre-stack reverse time imaging based on tunnel space. J. Appl. Geophys., 106\u2013113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2014.02.013"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2011.11.010","article-title":"Three-dimensional seismic imaging of tunnels","volume":"49","author":"Jannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2008.01.001","article-title":"Prediction of geological hazardous zones in front of a tunnel face using TSP-203 and artificial neural networks","volume":"23","author":"Andisheh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tunnel. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S1365-1609(01)00047-8","article-title":"Seismic imaging ahead of a tunnel face with three-component geophones","volume":"38","author":"Ashida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"185","article-title":"Seismic interferometry with a TBM source of transmitted and reflected waves","volume":"71","author":"Flavio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1441700","article-title":"Geophone ground coupling","volume":"49","author":"Christine","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"198","article-title":"Comparison and Contrast between TGP206 and TSP203 Advance Geology Prediction System: Advantages of TGP206","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tunnel Constr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2013.09.007","article-title":"An automatic method for data processing of seismic data in tunneling","volume":"98","author":"Bellino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2010-0327.1","article-title":"Fast multifrequency focal beam analysis for 3D seismic acquisition geometry","volume":"77","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"406","article-title":"Drivage concurrent tunnel seismic prediction","volume":"14","author":"Dickman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Felsbau Rock Soil Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1438246","article-title":"Stepwise application of horizontal seismic profiling for tunnel prediction ahead of the face","volume":"18","author":"Inazaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lead. Edge"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"51","article-title":"The application of TRT\u2014true reflection tomography\u2014At the Unterwald Tunnel","volume":"20","author":"Otto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Felsbau"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2397.2000.00079.x","article-title":"Automatic seismic prediction ahead of the tunnel boring machine","volume":"18","author":"Kneib","year":"2000","journal-title":"First Break"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"137","article-title":"Integrated seismic imaging system for geological prediction during tunnel construction","volume":"Volume S33","author":"Borm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Technology Road Map for Rock Mechanics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24698","DOI":"10.3390\/s151024698","article-title":"A Low-Cost Energy-Efficient Cableless Geophone Unit for Passive Surface Wave Surveys","volume":"15","author":"Kaoshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Wang, Y., Wang, D., and Wang, S. (2010, January 16\u201318). Method of Correcting Wavelet Differences of Data Received by Velocity-type Geophone and Piezoelectric Geophone. Proceedings of the International Forum on Information Technology and Applications (IFITA), Kunming, China."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Zhentang, F. (2015, January 18\u201323). Low frequency improvement with a new designed duo-coil closed-loop geophone accelerometer. Proceedings of the SEG International Exhibition and Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yonggui, Z. (2010, January 22\u201326). Engineering Geophysics in China\u2014The TST tunnel geological prediction technique. Proceedings of the ASEG, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1081\/22020586.2010.12042033"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442770","article-title":"Inversion of P and SV waves from multicomponent offset vertical seismic profiles","volume":"55","author":"Cengiz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geophysics"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1246\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:38:12Z","timestamp":1760186292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051246","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]}}}