{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:49:09Z","timestamp":1774928949016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000807","name":"European GNSS Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["687329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["687329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>GNSS-based applications are susceptible to different threats, including radio frequency interference. Ensuring that the new applications can be validated against the latest threats supports the wider adoption and success of GNSS in higher value markets. Therefore, the availability of standardized GNSS receiver testing procedures is central to developing the next generation of receiver technologies. The EU Horizon2020 research project STRIKE3 (Standardization of GNSS Threat reporting and Receiver testing through International Knowledge Exchange, Experimentation and Exploitation) proposed standardized test procedures to validate different categories of receivers against real-world interferences, detected at different monitoring sites. This paper describes the recorded interference signatures, their use in standardized test procedures, and analyzes the result for two categories of receivers, namely mass-market and professional grade. The result analysis in terms of well-defined receiver key performance indicators showed that performance of both receiver categories was degraded by the selected interference threats, although there was considerable difference in degree and nature of their impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T04:15:29Z","timestamp":1552536929000},"page":"1276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact Analysis of Standardized GNSS Receiver Testing against Real-World Interferences Detected at Live Monitoring Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Zahidul H.","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nunzia Giorgia","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5425-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarang","family":"Thombre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pattinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Scientific Limited, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Dumville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Scientific Limited, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, December 14). Available online: https:\/\/rntfnd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/DHS-National-Risk-Estimate-GPS-Disruptions.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8956","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2695525","article-title":"Robustness, Security and Privacy in Location-Based Services in Future IoT: A Survey","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0769-z","article-title":"A New Implementation of Narrowband Interference Detection, Characterization and Mitigation Technique for a Software-defined multi-GNSS Receiver","volume":"22","author":"Ferrara","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463317000911","article-title":"GNSS threat monitoring and reporting: Past, present, and a proposed future","volume":"71","author":"Thombre","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Inst. Navig. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2019, January 04). STRIKE3 Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.gnss-strike3.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pattinson, M., Dumville, M., Fryganiotis, D., Bhuiyan, M.Z.H., Thombre, S., Ferrara, G., Alexandersson, M., Axell, E., Eliardsson, P., and Poloskey, M. (2018, January 14\u201317). Standardization of GNSS Threat reporting and Receiver testing through International Knowledge Exchange, Experimentation and Exploitation [STRIKE3]: Validation of Reporting and Testing Standards. Proceedings of the European Navigation Conference (ENC), Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4","article-title":"Standardization of GNSS Threat reporting and Receiver testing through International Knowledge Exchange, Experimentation and Exploitation [STRIKE3]","volume":"15","author":"Pattinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. 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GNSS solutions column, Inside GNSS."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1276\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:38:33Z","timestamp":1760186313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19061276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19061276","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]}}}