{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:19:59Z","timestamp":1777706399560,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EL1822D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EL1822D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An early detection of functional decline with age is important to start interventions at an early state and to prolong the functional fitness. In order to assure such an early detection, functional assessments must be conducted on a frequent and regular basis. Since the five time chair rise test (5CRT) is a well-established test in the geriatric field, this test should be supported by technology. We introduce an approach that automatically detects the execution of the chair rise test via an inertial sensor integrated into a belt. The system\u2019s suitability was evaluated via 20 subjects aged 72\u201389 years (78.2 \u00b1 4.6 years) and was measured by a stopwatch, the inertial measurement unit (IMU), a Kinect\u00ae camera and a force plate. A Multilayer Perceptrons-based classifier detects transitions in the IMU data with an F1-Score of around 94.8%. Valid executions of the 5CRT are detected based on the correct occurrence of sequential movements via a rule-based model. The results of the automatically calculated test durations are in good agreement with the stopwatch measurements (correlation coefficient r = 0.93 (p &lt; 0.001)). The analysis of the duration of single test cycles indicates a beginning fatigue at the end of the test. The comparison of the movement pattern within one person shows similar movement patterns, which differ only slightly in form and duration, whereby different subjects indicate variations regarding their performance strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1552997545000},"page":"1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Measurement of the Chair Rise Performance of Older People Based on Force Plates and IMUs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Hellmers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Fudickar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Elgert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics, TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Diekmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen M.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geriatric Medicine, University Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2011.05.017","article-title":"Advancing the health of our aging population: A lead role for nursing science","volume":"59","author":"Grady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S42528","article-title":"Tools that assess functional decline: Systematic literature review update","volume":"8","author":"Beaton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellmers, S., Steen, E.E., Dasenbrock, L., Heinks, A., Bauer, J.M., Fudickar, S., and Hein, A. (2017, January 23\u201326). Towards a minimized unsupervised technical assessment of physical performance in domestic environments. Proceedings of the 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/3154862.3154882"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M728","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.8.M728","article-title":"A comparison of leg power and leg strength within the InCHIANTI study: which influences mobility more?","volume":"58","author":"Bean","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324942","article-title":"Is chair rise performance a useful measure of leg power?","volume":"22","author":"Hardy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa2.28.123","article-title":"Sit-to-stand test to evaluate knee extensor muscle size and strength in the elderly: A novel approach","volume":"28","author":"Takai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1880-6805-33-26","article-title":"Age-related change in sit-to-stand power in Japanese women aged 50 years or older","volume":"33","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2202691","article-title":"Detection and classification of postural transitions in real-world conditions","volume":"20","author":"Ganea","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.07.122","article-title":"Sensitivity of sensor-based sit-to-stand peak power to the effects of training leg strength, leg power and balance in older adults","volume":"39","author":"Regterschot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/10\/2053","article-title":"Classification of frailty and falls history using a combination of sensor-based mobility assessments","volume":"35","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-86","article-title":"An evaluation of the 30-s chair stand test in older adults: Frailty detection based on kinematic parameters from a single inertial unit","volume":"10","author":"Millor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/11\/1931","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability and minimal detectable change of repeated sit-to-stand analysis using one body fixed sensor in geriatric patients","volume":"33","author":"Schwenk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanai, A., Kiyama, S., Goto, H., Tomita, H., Tanaka, A., Kunimi, M., Okada, T., and Nakai, T. (2016). Use of the sit-to-stand task to evaluate motor function of older adults using telemetry. BMC Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0294-2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0486-1","article-title":"Sit to stand in elderly fallers vs non-fallers: new insights from force platform and electromyography data","volume":"28","author":"Chorin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.6.636","article-title":"Coordination of strength exertion during the chair-rise movement in very old people","volume":"62","author":"Lindemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-75","article-title":"Sit-stand and stand-sit transitions in older adults and patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: event detection based on motion sensors versus force plates","volume":"9","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.04.015","article-title":"Multi-parametric evaluation of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions in elderly people","volume":"33","author":"Ganea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(96)00077-0","article-title":"Analysis of the sit-stand-sit movement cycle in normal subjects","volume":"12","author":"Kerr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M221","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.4.M221","article-title":"Lower Extremity Function and Subsequent Disability: Consistency Across Studies, Predictive Models, and Value of Gait Speed Alone Compared with the Short Physical Performance Battery","volume":"55","author":"Guralnik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","article-title":"A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission","volume":"49","author":"Guralnik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fudickar, S., Kiselev, J., Frenken, T., Wegel, S., Dimitrowska, S., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., and Hein, A. (2018). Validation of the ambient TUG chair with light barriers and force sensors in a clinical trial. Assist. Technol., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2018.1446195"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14b06.x","article-title":"Six minute walking distance in healthy elderly subjects","volume":"14","author":"Troosters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0626","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the de Morton Mobility Index in the subacute hospital setting in a geriatric evaluation and management population","volume":"42","author":"Lane","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"39","article-title":"Stair Climb Power Measurements via Inertial Measurement Units\u2014Towards an Unsupervised Assessment of Strength in Domestic Environments","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Hellmers","year":"2018","journal-title":"HEALTHINF, Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, Funchal, Portugal, 19\u201321 January 2018"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.004","article-title":"Is stair climb power a clinically relevant measure of leg power impairments in at-risk older adults?","volume":"88","author":"Bean","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2004.00567.x","article-title":"Is muscle power output a key factor in the age-related decline in physical performance? A comparison of muscle cross section, chair-rising test and jumping power","volume":"24","author":"Runge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wichert, R., and Mand, B. (2017). Technology Supported Geriatric Assessment. Ambient Assisted Living: 9. AAL-Kongress, Frankfurt\/M, Germany, April 20\u201321, 2016, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26345-8"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellmers, S., Izadpanah, B., Dasenbrock, L., Diekmann, R., Bauer, J., Hein, A., and Fudickar, S. (2018). Towards an Automated Unsupervised Mobility Assessment for Older People Based on Inertial TUG Measurements. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103310"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-010-0293-9","article-title":"Preprocessing techniques for context recognition from accelerometer data","volume":"14","author":"Figo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"69","article-title":"A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research","volume":"24","author":"Mukaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X15Y.0000000005","article-title":"Movement analysis of sit-to-stand\u2013research informing clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Frykberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(98)00033-2","article-title":"Effect of muscle strength and movement speed on the biomechanics of rising from a chair in healthy elderly and young women","volume":"8","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.10.638","article-title":"Whole-body movements during rising to standing from sitting","volume":"70","author":"Schenkman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/10\/001","article-title":"Classification of a known sequence of motions and postures from accelerometry data using adapted Gaussian mixture models","volume":"27","author":"Allen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2307069","article-title":"Feature selection and activity recognition system using a single triaxial accelerometer","volume":"61","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325265","article-title":"The five-times-sit-to-stand test: Validity, reliability and detectable change in older females","volume":"24","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reliability, Validity and Minimal Detectable Change in the Timed Up and Go and Five Times Sit to Stand Tests in Older Adults with Early Cognitive Loss","volume":"1","author":"Blackwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiother. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rold\u00e1n-Jim\u00e9nez, C., Bennett, P., and Cuesta-Vargas, A.I. (2015). Muscular activity and fatigue in lower-limb and trunk muscles during different sit-to-stand tests. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141675"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"173148","article-title":"Differences in muscle activation patterns during sit to stand task among subjects with and without intellectual disability","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kale, N., Lee, J., Lotfian, R., and Jafari, R. (2012, January 23\u201325). Impact of sensor misplacement on dynamic time warping based human activity recognition using wearable computers. Proceedings of the Conference on Wireless Health, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2448096.2448103"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1370\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1760186336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1370"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19061370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19061370","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]}}}