{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:47:48Z","timestamp":1772455668486,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["Grant No.51673020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No.51673020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new type of flexible sensor, which could maintain the deformation consistency and achieve the real-time detection of the variation in load of the measured object, was proposed in this work. According to the principle of forced assembly, PDMS was used as the substrate of sensitive components and electrodes, while carbon fiber was added as a conductive medium to prepare a polymer-based flexible sensor, which effectively overcame the deformation limitation and output instability of conventional flexible sensors due to different substrates of sensitive components and the electrode. Combined with the sensor structure and the forced assembly method, a theoretical analysis of its conductive measurement mechanism was carried out. Meanwhile, an experimental test device was designed to test and analyze the output characteristics of the flexible sensor under a static and dynamic alternating load. The results show that the flexible sensor exhibited linear output under the dynamic alternating load of 10 kN to 60 kN and frequency of 3 Hz. Peak and valley value had the same phase with the load extremes. The dynamic and static experiments show that the resistance output signal and the sensitivity was in the range of 310~624.15 \u03a9 and 171\u2013183 N\/\u03a9 respectively. However, due to the hysteresis of the elastic recovery of the polymer, the output repeatability of the flexible sensor under the dynamic alternating load was 5.03% and 0.78% lower than that of the static load, respectively. Combined with the static and dynamic experiments, it was verified that the polymer-based flexible sensor can maintain the same deformation characteristics with the measured object, and at the same time outputted a resistance signal with a certain mapping relationship with the applied load. The repeatability of the output signal under dynamic and static experiments was within \u00b17%, which can meet the measurement requirements of the fatigue life of the measured body during periodic load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T12:28:01Z","timestamp":1553171281000},"page":"1403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Measuring Mechanism and Applications of Polymer-Based Flexible Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zewen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0140-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.04.015","article-title":"High-performance, flexible electronic skin sensor incorporating natural microcapsule actuators","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12817-7_15","article-title":"Ubiquitous Health Monitoring: Integration of Wearable Sensors, Novel Sensing Techniques, and Body Sensor Networks","volume":"5","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.05.024","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and ultraflexible e-skins with dual functionalities for wearable electronics","volume":"38","author":"Lou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1478","article-title":"Research on a Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on LCP Substrate","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.03.016","article-title":"Flexible heartbeat sensor for wearable device","volume":"94","author":"Kwak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.01.014","article-title":"Flexible film-transducers based on polypropylene piezoelectrets: Fabrication, properties, and applications in wearable devices","volume":"256","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355304","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aacc59","article-title":"Highly stretchable and ultrathin nanopaper composites for epidermal strain sensors","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.01.026","article-title":"Novel fully transparent and flexible humidity sensor","volume":"137","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2377243","article-title":"A Simple MOX Vapor Sensor on Polyimide Substrate for Measuring Humidity in ppm Level","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2008.01.020","article-title":"Embedded flexible micro-sensors in MEA for measuring temperature and humidity in a micro-fuel cell","volume":"181","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7887","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07887","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Multifunctional Tactile Sensor Using Free-standing ZnO\/PVDF Thin Film with Graphene Electrodes for Pressure and Temperature Monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.11.019","article-title":"Flexible polymeric dry electrodes for the long-term monitoring of ECG","volume":"143","author":"Baek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1505","article-title":"The Preparation and Experiment of a Flexible ArrayPressureSensor Based on CNTs\/PDMS Composites","volume":"31","author":"Ruan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14761","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA02061A","article-title":"Improved electrical conductivity of PDMS\/SCF composite sheets with bolting cloth prepared by a spatial confining forced network assembly method","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2017.07.027","article-title":"Spatial Confining Forced Network-Assembly for preparation of high-performance conductive polymeric composites","volume":"102","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kormakov, S., He, X., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Zheng, X., Skopincev, I., Gao, X., and Wu, D. (2018). A mathematical model for predicting conductivity of polymer composites with a forced assembly network obtained by SCFNA method. Polym. Compos.","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24942"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.104","article-title":"Thermal dissipation performance of metal-polymer composite heat exchanger with V-shape microgrooves: A numerical and experimental study","volume":"121","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-018-3988-x","article-title":"Fabrication and testing of metal\/polymer microstructure heat exchangers based on micro embossed molding method","volume":"25","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Wu, D., Liu, Y., Dai, L., and Jiang, C. (2017). Numerical simulation and experimental study of filling process of micro prism by isothermal hot embossing in solid-like state. Adv. Polym. Technol., 37.","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.21815"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"36","article-title":"Analysis of isothermal micro-hot embossing in the solid-like state based on molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"4","article-title":"Design of Flexible Sensor Array Based on Strain Gauge Piezoresistive Effect","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Instrum. Tech. Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1403\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:39:48Z","timestamp":1760186388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19061403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19061403","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]}}}