{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T02:10:37Z","timestamp":1781489437146,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03934653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03934653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A minimally-sized, triple-notched band ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna, useful for many applications, is designed, analyzed, and experimentally validated in this paper. A modified maple leaf-shaped main radiating element with partial ground is used in the proposed design. An E-shaped resonator, meandered slot, and U-shaped slot are implemented in the proposed design to block the co-existing bands. The E-shaped resonator stops frequencies ranging from 1.8\u20132.3 GHz (Advanced Wireless System (AWS1\u2013AWS2) band), while the meandered slot blocks frequencies from 3.2\u20133.8 GHz (WiMAX band). The co-existing band ranging from 5.6\u20136.1 GHz (IEEE 802.11\/HIPERLANband) is blocked by utilizing the U-shaped section in the feeding network. The notched bands can be independently controlled over a wide range of frequencies using specific parameters. The proposed antenna is suitable for many applications because of its flat gain, good radiation characteristics at both principal planes, uniform group delay, and non-varying transfer function (    S 21    ) for the entire UWB frequency range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"1411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A Compact UWB Antenna with Independently Controllable Notch Bands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8312-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9096-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amor","family":"Smida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AlMajmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Unit of Research in High Frequency Electronic Circuits and Systems, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0487-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazih Khaddaj","family":"Mallat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain 64141, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunghwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Li, Q., and Deng, L. (2017). Compact planar ultrawideband antennas with 3.5\/5.2\/5.8 GHz triple band-notched characteristics for internet of things applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020349"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2186221","article-title":"Dual band-reject UWB antenna with sharp rejection of narrow and closely-spaced bands","volume":"60","author":"Gheethan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2009.2033449","article-title":"Novel planar UWB monopole antenna with triple band-notched characteristics","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2652978","article-title":"Ultrawideband (UWB) planar antenna with single-, dual-, and triple-band notched characteristic based on electric ring resonator","volume":"16","author":"Vendik","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2008.0201","article-title":"Ultra wideband printed hexagonal monopole antennas","volume":"4","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2785232","article-title":"Mutual Coupling Reduction Using F-Shaped Stubs in UWB-MIMO Antenna","volume":"6","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48978","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2867836","article-title":"Ground Plane Alterations for Design of High-Isolation Compact Wideband MIMO Antenna","volume":"6","author":"Haq","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.30928","article-title":"A compact umbrella shaped UWB antenna for ground-coupling GPR applications","volume":"60","author":"Kundu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.13164\/re.2018.0990","article-title":"A High Gain Dual Notch Compact UWB Antenna with Minimal Dispersion for Ground Penetrating Radar Application","volume":"27","author":"Kundu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11601","DOI":"10.3390\/s150511601","article-title":"A negative index metamaterial-inspired UWB antenna with an integration of complementary SRR and CLS unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, H. (2016). Unit and Ubiquitous Internet of Things, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14742"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20081660","article-title":"Compact ultra-wideband antenna with tri-band notched characteristic","volume":"44","author":"Deng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.26998","article-title":"Compact printed coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband antenna with multiple notched bands","volume":"54","author":"Taheri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERL17041506","article-title":"An array of M-shaped Vivaldi antennas for UWB applications","volume":"68","author":"Omar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2010.2049633","article-title":"Compact monopole antenna with band-notched characteristic for UWB applications","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2010.2091250","article-title":"Compact dual band-notched printed monopole antenna for UWB application","volume":"9","author":"Abdollahvand","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2147270","article-title":"Design and analysis of compact printed triple band-notched UWB antenna","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31075","article-title":"Leaf-shaped CPW-fed UWB antenna with triple notch bands for ground penetrating radar applications","volume":"60","author":"Kundu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2152326","article-title":"Band-notched UWB antenna incorporating a microstrip open-loop resonator","volume":"59","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2012.2199274","article-title":"Bandwidth enhancement of CPW-fed circle-like slot antenna with dual band-notched characteristic","volume":"11","author":"Emadian","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2011.2334","article-title":"Compact UWB antenna with four band-notches for UWB applications","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2011.03.012","article-title":"Compact coplanar waveguide fed ultra wideband antenna with a notch band characteristic","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.08.022","article-title":"CPW-Fed UWB antenna with sharp and high rejection multiple notched bands using stub loaded meander line resonator","volume":"83","author":"Atallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM18081002","article-title":"A New UWB Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristic","volume":"74","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31482","article-title":"Compact CPW-fed ultra-wideband printed antennas with controllable notch characteristics","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.2007368","article-title":"A Compact Ultrawideband Antenna With 3.4\/5.5 GHz Dual Band-Notched Characteristics","volume":"56","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC11053006","article-title":"Printed Fork Shaped Dual Band Monopole Antenna for Bluetooth and UWB Applications with 5. 5 GHz WLAN Band Notched Characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1411\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:39:56Z","timestamp":1760186396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19061411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19061411","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]}}}