{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:57:52Z","timestamp":1760821072333,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61672552, Grant No. 61571151, and Grant No. U1611461","Grant No. 61501134, Grant No. 11774074, Grant No. 61431004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61672552, Grant No. 61571151, and Grant No. U1611461","Grant No. 61501134, Grant No. 11774074, Grant No. 61431004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 2017YFC0305702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2017YFC0305702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the problem of three-dimensional localization of the underwater mobile sensor networks using only range measurements without GPS devices. This problem is challenging because sensor nodes often drift with unknown water currents. Consequently, the moving direction and speed of a sensor node cannot be predicted. Moreover, the motion devices of the sensor nodes are not accurate in underwater environments. Therefore, we propose an adaptive localization scheme, ProLo, taking these uncertainties into consideration. This scheme applies the rigidity theory and maintains a virtual rigid structure through projection. We have proved the correctness of this three-dimensional localization scheme and also validated it using simulation. The results demonstrate that ProLo is promising for real mobile underwater sensor networks with various noises and errors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"1414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["ProLo: Localization via Projection for Three-Dimensional Mobile Underwater Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Hejun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Xiying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02007","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20165702007","article-title":"A Survey on Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Progresses, Applications, and Challenges","volume":"57","author":"Premalatha","year":"2016","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7763\/IJCTE.2015.V7.929","article-title":"A survey on current underwater acoustic sensor network applications","volume":"7","author":"Murad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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