{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:36:21Z","timestamp":1773743781829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1544753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1544753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noise pollution is one of the topmost quality of life issues for urban residents in the United States. Continued exposure to high levels of noise has proven effects on health, including acute effects such as sleep disruption, and long-term effects such as hypertension, heart disease, and hearing loss. To investigate and ultimately aid in the mitigation of urban noise, a network of 55 sensor nodes has been deployed across New York City for over two years, collecting sound pressure level (SPL) and audio data. This network has cumulatively amassed over 75 years of calibrated, high-resolution SPL measurements and 35 years of audio data. In addition, high frequency telemetry data have been collected that provides an indication of a sensors\u2019 health. These telemetry data were analyzed over an 18-month period across 31 of the sensors. It has been used to develop a prototype model for pre-failure detection which has the ability to identify sensors in a prefail state 69.1% of the time. The entire network infrastructure is outlined, including the operation of the sensors, followed by an analysis of its data yield and the development of the fault detection approach and the future system integration plans for this.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The Life of a New York City Noise Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7061-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlie","family":"Mydlarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Music and Audio Research Laboratory, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA"},{"name":"Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}]},{"given":"Yitzchak","family":"Lockerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Steers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Music and Audio Research Laboratory, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA"},{"name":"Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Health effects caused by noise: Evidence in the literature from the past 25 years","volume":"6","author":"Ising","year":"2004","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307272","article-title":"Environmental noise pollution in the United States: Developing an effective public health response","volume":"122","author":"Hammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bronzaft, A., and Van Ryzin, G. (2007). Neighborhood Noise and Its Consequences: Implications for Tracking Effectiveness of NYC Revised Noise Code, Survey Research Unit, School of Public Affairs, Baruch College CUNY. Available online: http:\/\/www.noiseoff.org\/document\/cenyc.noise.report.14.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fritschi, L., Brown, L., Kim, R., Schwela, D., and Kephalopolos, S. (2012). Burden of Disease From Environmental Noise: Quantification of Healthy Years Life Lost in Europe, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61613-X","article-title":"Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health","volume":"383","author":"Basner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1145\/3224204","article-title":"SONYC: A system for monitoring, analyzing, and mitigating urban noise pollution","volume":"62","author":"Bello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13398","article-title":"Time lattice: A data structure for the interactive visual analysis of large time series","volume":"37","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mydlarz, C., Shamoon, C., and Bello, J. (2017, January 27\u201330). Noise monitoring and enforcement in New York City using a remote acoustic sensor network. Proceedings of the INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"City of New York (2019, March 21). 311 Civil Complaint Service, Available online: http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/311."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (2014). Ambient Noise Disruption in New York City."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.076","article-title":"Smartphone-based noise mapping: Integrating sound level meter app data into the strategic noise mapping process","volume":"562","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EL186","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4865269","article-title":"Evaluation of smartphone sound measurement applications","volume":"135","author":"Kardous","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1119\/1.4775539","article-title":"Analyzing acoustic phenomena with a smartphone microphone","volume":"51","author":"Kuhn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Teach."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2016.1183014","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of smart devices to measure noise exposure","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3233\/IP-2010-0200","article-title":"Participatory noise pollution monitoring using mobile phones","volume":"15","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Polity"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-009-0217-y","article-title":"NoiseSPY: A real-time mobile phone platform for urban noise monitoring and mapping","volume":"15","author":"Kanjo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"140","article-title":"Noise mapping based on participative measurements","volume":"3","author":"Guillaume","year":"2016","journal-title":"Noise Mapp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.02.002","article-title":"Participatory soundscape sensing","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urb. Plan."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.10.049","article-title":"An open-science crowdsourcing approach for producing community noise maps using smartphones","volume":"148","author":"Picaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Pew Research Center (2018, August 15). Mobile Fact Sheet\u2014February 5th 2018. Available online: http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/fact-sheet\/mobile\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Piper, B., Barham, R., Sheridan, S., and Sotirakopoulos, K. (2017, January 23\u201327). Exploring the \u201cbig acoustic data\u201d generated by an acoustic sensor network deployed at a crossrail construction site. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catlett, C.E., Beckman, P.H., Sankaran, R., and Galvin, K.K. (2017, January 18\u201321). Array of things: A scientific research instrument in the public way: Platform design and early lessons learned. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Science of Smart City Operations and Platforms Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3063386.3063771"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2013). Electroacoustics\u2014Sound Level Meters\u2014Part 1: Specifications (IEC 61672-1), IOS. Standard."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"EMS Bruel & Kjaer (2019, March 21). Environmental Noise and Vibration Monitoring\u2014Sentinel. Available online: https:\/\/emsbk.com\/sentinel."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"EMS Bruel & Kjaer (2019, March 21). Web Trak\u2014B&K Web Portal for Air Traffic Noise Monitoring. Available online: http:\/\/webtrak5.bksv.com\/panynj4."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Port Authority of the Balearic Islands (2019, March 21). Activity at the Port of Palma Alone Does Not Explain the Levels of Noise and Particles in the Air (\u2026). Available online: http:\/\/www.portsdebalears.com\/en\/en\/noticia\/activity-port-palma-alone-does-not-explain-levels-noise-and-particles-air-according-study."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Libelium (2019, March 21). Libelium Remote Sensing. Available online: http:\/\/www.libelium.com."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mietlicki, F., Mietlicki, C., and Sineau, M. (June, January 31). An innovative approach for long-term environmental noise measurement: RUMEUR network. Proceedings of the 10th European Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering (EuroNoise), Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Al\u00edas, F., Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R., Carri\u00e9, J.C., and Orga, F. (2018, January 24\u201326). DYNAMAP: A low-cost wasn for real-time road traffic noise mapping. Proceedings of the Techni Acustica, Cadiz, Spain."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2012.07.007","article-title":"Novel wireless pervasive sensor network to improve the understanding of noise in street canyons","volume":"74","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040140","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4799869","article-title":"The internet of sound observatories","volume":"19","author":"Botteldooren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Meet. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sounds of New York City (SONYC) Project (2019, March 21). SONYC FAQ Page. Available online: https:\/\/wp.nyu.edu\/sonyc\/faq."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"207","article-title":"The implementation of low-cost urban acoustic monitoring devices","volume":"117","author":"Mydlarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust. Spec. Issue Acoust. Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Xiph.Org Foundation (2019, March 21). Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC). Available online: https:\/\/xiph.org\/flac."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"OpenVPN Inc. (2019, March 21). OpenVPN: Open-Source Virtual Private Networking. Available online: https:\/\/openvpn.net."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection (2019, March 21). A Guide to New York City\u2019s Noise Code, Available online: http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/dep\/pdf\/noise_code_guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"171","article-title":"Elasticsearch: An advanced and quick search technique to handle voluminous data","volume":"2","author":"Divya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compusoft"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Grafana Labs (2019, March 21). Open Source Software for Time Series Analytics. Available online: https:\/\/grafana.com."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Slack (2019, March 21). Slack: Work Collaboration Hub. Available online: https:\/\/slack.com."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Telegram (2019, March 21). Telegram: Cloud-Based Mobile and Desktop Messaging App. Available online: https:\/\/telegram.org."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2657381","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks and data augmentation for environmental sound classification","volume":"24","author":"Salamon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamon, J., and Bello, J.P. (2015, January 19\u201324). Unsupervised feature learning for urban sound classification. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7177954"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamon, J., and Bello, J.P. (September, January 31). Feature learning with deep scattering for urban sound analysis. Proceedings of the 2015 European Signal Processing Conference, Nice, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUSIPCO.2015.7362478"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cartwright, M., Dove, G., M\u00e9ndez, A.E.M., and Bello, J.P. (2019, January 4\u20139). Crowdsourcing multi-label audio annotation tasks with citizen scientists. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300522"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ghahramani, Z., Welling, M., Cortes, C., Lawrence, N., and Weinberger, K. (2014). Do deep nets really need to be deep?. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27, Curran Associates, Inc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:39:57Z","timestamp":1760186397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/6\/1415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19061415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19061415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]}}}