{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:04:25Z","timestamp":1760709865509,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1A5A101559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A5A101559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed a new type of electroencephalogram (EEG) headset system with comb-shaped electrodes that enables the wearer to quickly don and utilize it in daily life. Two models that can measure EEG signals using up to eight channels have been implemented. The electrodes implemented in the headsets are similar to a comb and are placed quickly by wiping the hair (as done with a comb) using the headset. To verify this headset system, donning time was measured and three brain computer interface (BCI) application experiments were conducted. Alpha rhythm-based, steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based, and auditory steady state response (ASSR)-based BCI systems were adopted for the validation experiments. Four subjects participated and ten trials were repeated in the donning experiment. The results of the validation experiments show that reliable EEG signal measurement is possible immediately after donning the headsets without any preparation. It took approximately 10 s for healthy subjects to don the headsets, including an earclip with reference and ground electrodes. The results of alpha rhythm-based BCI showed 100% accuracy. Furthermore, the results of SSVEP-based and ASSR-based BCI experiments indicate that performance is sufficient for BCI applications; 95.7% and 76.0% accuracies were obtained, respectively. The results of BCI paradigm experiments indicate that the new headset type is feasible for various BCI applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T13:09:58Z","timestamp":1553864998000},"page":"1537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Instant Donning Multi-Channel EEG Headset (with Comb-Shaped Dry Electrodes) and BCI Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeehoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeongsu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Communication Business, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.; 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Korea"}]},{"given":"Chungmin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}]},{"given":"Kwangsuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.04.025","article-title":"Brainprint: Assessing the uniqueness, collectability, and permanence of a novel method for ERP biometrics","volume":"166","author":"Armstrong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.032","article-title":"BrainPrint: A discriminative characterization of brain morphology","volume":"109","author":"Wachinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Kim, S.K., Yoon, H.N., Lee, W.K., Park, C.S., Kim, K.K., and Park, K.S. (2015, January 7\u201312). Contrast between spectral and connectivity features for electroencephalography based authentication. Proceedings of the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19387-8_298"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Estrada, E., Nazeran, H., Nava, P., Behbehani, K., Burk, J., and Lucas, E. (2004, January 1\u20135). EEG feature extraction for classification of sleep stages. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90135-X","article-title":"Multichannel EEG-based brain-computer communication. Electroencephalogr","volume":"90","author":"Wolpaw","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01190389","article-title":"Mapping EEG-potentials on the surface of the brain: A strategy for uncovering cortical sources","volume":"9","author":"Elbert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/36\/7\/1469","article-title":"Measurement of neural signals from inexpensive, wireless and dry EEG systems","volume":"36","author":"Grummett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, February 18). Companies\u2014BNCI Horizon 2020 (List of Companies of Involved in the BCI Field). Available online: http:\/\/bnci-horizon-2020.eu\/index.php\/community\/companies."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.1873","article-title":"Reverse-curve-arch-shaped dry EEG electrode for increased skin-electrode contact area on hairy scalps","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00057-3","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control","volume":"113","author":"Wolpaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dornhege, G., Millan, J.D., Hinterberger, T., McFarland, D.J., and M\u00fcller, K.R. (2007). Toward Brain-Computer Interfacing, The MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7493.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/1\/2\/001","article-title":"A brain-computer interface using electrocorticographic signals in humans","volume":"1","author":"Leuthardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1109\/86.847808","article-title":"The mental prosthesis: Assessing the speed of a P300-based brain-computer interface","volume":"8","author":"Donchin","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-012-0051-1","article-title":"Auditory brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and their practical applications","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.034","article-title":"A P300-based brain-computer interface for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Nijboer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90149-6","article-title":"Talking off the top of your head: Toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr","volume":"70","author":"Farwell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/3\/4\/007","article-title":"A comparison of classification techniques for the P300 Speller","volume":"3","author":"Krusienski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.01.030","article-title":"A novel P300-based brain-computer interface stimulus presentation paradigm: Moving beyond rows and columns","volume":"121","author":"Townsend","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.04.007","article-title":"A P300 event-related potential brain-computer interface (BCI): The effects of matrix size and inter stimulus interval on performance","volume":"73","author":"Sellers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazel, R. (2011). P300-based Brain-Computer Interface Paradigm Design. Recent Advances in Brain-Computer Interface Systems, INTECH Open Access Publisher, IntechOpen Limited.","DOI":"10.5772\/579"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/CJECE.2009.5443854","article-title":"A region-based P300 speller for brain-computer interface","volume":"34","author":"Abhari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.07.017","article-title":"Toward enhanced P300 speller performance","volume":"167","author":"Krusienski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.04.011","article-title":"Development of an SSVEP-based BCI spelling system adopting a QWERTY-style LED keyboard","volume":"208","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2068571","article-title":"Frequency and phase mixed coding in SSVEP-based brain-computer interface","volume":"58","author":"Jia","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.886577","article-title":"Frequency recognition based on canonical correlation analysis for SSVEP-based BCIs","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punsawad, Y., and Wongsawat, Y. (September, January 30). Multi-command SSVEP-based BCI system via single flickering frequency half-field stimulation pattern. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6090257"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-9964-y","article-title":"An SSVEP-actuated brain computer interface using phase-tagged flickering sequences: A cursor system","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2162586","article-title":"An SSVEP-based BCI using high duty-cycle visual flicker","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036020","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/3\/036020","article-title":"SSVEP-based Bremen-BCI interface\u2014Boosting information transfer rates","volume":"8","author":"Volosyak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026010","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/7\/2\/026010","article-title":"A user-friendly SSVEP-based brain-computer interface using a time-domain classifier","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2116018","article-title":"An asynchronous P300 BCI with SSVEP-based control state detection","volume":"58","author":"Panicker","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/2\/026001","article-title":"A hybrid BCI speller paradigm combining P300 potential and the SSVEP blocking feature","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026012","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/2\/026012","article-title":"A novel hybrid BCI speller based on the incorporation of SSVEP into the P300 paradigm","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/2\/024001","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces using capacitive measurement of visual or auditory steady-state responses","volume":"10","author":"Baek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/6\/4\/046002","article-title":"An online multi-channel SSVEP-based brain-computer interface using a canonical correlation analysis method","volume":"6","author":"Bin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2009.2039495","article-title":"BCI demographics: How many (and what kinds of) people can use an SSVEP BCI?","volume":"18","author":"Allison","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Kim, D.-W., Cho, J.-H., Hwang, H.-J., Lim, J.-H., and Im, C.-H. (September, January 30). A vision-free brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigm based on auditory selective attention. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.02.007","article-title":"Classification of selective attention to auditory stimuli: Toward vision-free brain-computer interfacing","volume":"197","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Jiang, X., Cao, T., Wan, F., Mak, P.U., Mak, P.-I., and Vai, M.I. (2012, January 2\u20134). Implementation of SSVEP based BCI with Emotiv EPOC. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems (VECIMS), Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/VECIMS.2012.6273184"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000284","article-title":"Comparison of a novel dry electrode headset to standard routine EEG in veterans","volume":"33","author":"Halford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0429-6","article-title":"Development of a wearable motor-imagery-based brain-computer interface","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1537\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:41:33Z","timestamp":1760186493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s19071537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19071537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]}}}