{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:58:21Z","timestamp":1784606301492,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["292648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["181811KYSB20160113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181811KYSB20160113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015DFA70930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015DFA70930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012543","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18590712600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18590712600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) technology can obtain spectral and ranging information from targets by processing the recorded waveforms and measuring the time of flight (ToF). With the development of the supercontinuum laser (SCL), it is technically easier to develop an active hyperspectral LiDAR system that can simultaneously collect both spatial information and extensive spectral information from targets. Compared with traditional LiDAR technology, which can only obtain range and intensity information at the selected spectral wavelengths, HSL detection technology has demonstrated its potential and adaptability for various quantitative applications from its spectrally resolved waveforms. However, with most previous HSLs, the collected spectral information is discrete, and such information might be insufficient and restrict the further applicability of the HSLs. In this paper, a tunable HSL technology using an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a spectroscopic device was proposed, designed, and tested to address this issue. Both the general range precision and the accuracy of the spectral measurement were evaluated. By tuning the spectroscopic device in the time dimension, the proposed AOTF-HSL could achieve backscattered echo with continuous coverage of the full spectrum of 500\u20131000 nm, which had the unique characteristics of a continuous spectrum in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) regions with 10 nm spectral resolution. Yellow and green leaves from four plants (aloe, dracaena, balata, and radermachera) were measured using the AOTF-HSL to assess its feasibility in agriculture application. The spectral profiles measured by a standard spectrometer (SVC\u00a9 HR-1024) were used as a reference for evaluating the measurements of the AOTF-HSL. The difference between the spectral measurements collected from active and passive instruments was minor. The comparison results show that the AOTF-based consecutive and high spectral resolution HSL was effective for this application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1554377517000},"page":"1620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["A 10-nm Spectral Resolution Hyperspectral LiDAR System Based on an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence of Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Masala FI-02430, Finland"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence of Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Masala FI-02430, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence of Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Masala FI-02430, Finland"},{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 230013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanrong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0985-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eetu","family":"Puttonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence of Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Masala FI-02430, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.888848","article-title":"Toward hyperspectral LiDAR: Measurement of spectral backscatter intensity with a supercontinuum laser source","volume":"4","author":"Kaasalainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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