{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T22:16:47Z","timestamp":1776205007597,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glass flexural resonators have established themselves as one of the de-facto standard methods for measuring the density of liquids in a laboratory environment. The core of this sensor is a U-Tube measuring cell whose oscillator\u2019s resonance frequency changes with the mass of the liquid within the tube. This relationship can be used to derive the density of liquids in a fast and reliable way. In order to achieve the highest accuracy for the density measurement multiple physical effects (e.g., damping due to viscosity effects) need to be taken into account. For a reliable correction, additional measurements are required. The pulsed excitation method is able to produce these additional parameters along with a superior measurement performance compared to previous techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T11:36:01Z","timestamp":1554464161000},"page":"1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High Precision Vibration-Type Densitometers Based on Pulsed Excitation Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Rechberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ams\u00fcss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Rossegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Breidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Salgado, D., Troncoso, J., and Romani, L. (2015). CHAPTER 3 Experimental Techniques 2: Vibrating Tube Densimetry. Volume Properties: Liquids, Solutions and Vapours, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782627043-00100"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/53\/2\/770","article-title":"A method to measure the density of seawater accurately to the level of 10\u22126","volume":"53","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1874-5644(03)80008-5","article-title":"5-Density","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8264","DOI":"10.1021\/ie070791e","article-title":"Automated Densimeter for the Rapid Characterization of Industrial Fluids","volume":"46","author":"Outcalt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/TIECI.1980.351684","article-title":"Vibrating Fluid Densimeters: A Solution to the Viscosity Problem","volume":"IECI-27","author":"Wenger","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. Control Instrum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/1077546316644366","article-title":"Simultaneous phase control of multiple frequencies of multi-degree-of-freedom systems","volume":"24","author":"Brack","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vib. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasser, E., and Senn, H. (2007, January 9\u201312). Simultaneous Measurements at U-tube Density Sensors in Fundamental and Harmonic Oscillation. Proceedings of the EUROCON 2007\u2014The International Conference on \u201cComputer as a Tool\u201d, Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EURCON.2007.4400268"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Anton Paar (2018). Density Meter: DMA\u2122 1001, Anton Paar GmbH."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Anton Paar (2018). Density Meter: DMA\u2122 5000 M, Anton Paar GmbH."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Rechberger, A., and Ams\u00fcss, R. (2018). Method, Circuit and Flexural Resonator for Measuring the Density of Fluids. (10,119,895), U.S. Patent."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:43:07Z","timestamp":1760186587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s19071627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19071627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]}}}