{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:50:10Z","timestamp":1768737010445,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/N026977\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/N026977\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For electroencephalography (EEG) in haired regions of the head, finger-based electrodes have been proposed in order to part the hair and make a direct contact with the scalp. Previous work has demonstrated 3D-printed fingered electrodes to allow personalisation and different configurations of electrodes to be used for different people or for different parts of the head. This paper presents flexible 3D-printed EEG electrodes for the first time. A flexible 3D printing element is now used, with three different base mechanical structures giving differently-shaped electrodes. To obtain improved sensing performance, the silver coatings used previously have been replaced with a silver\/silver-chloride coating. This results in reduced electrode contact impedance and reduced contact noise. Detailed electro-mechanical testing is presented to demonstrate the performance of the operation of the new electrodes, particularly with regards to changes in conductivity under compression, together with on-person tests to demonstrate the recording of EEG signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1554724492000},"page":"1650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Flexible 3D-Printed EEG Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Velcescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Lindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Cursio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sammy","family":"Krachunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Doctoral Training in Sensor Technologies and Application, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Sciences, Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony K. P.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Pain Research group, Division of Neuroscience and Cognitive Psychology, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1408-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Casson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, T., and Chen, W. (2018). Electroencephalogram. Seamless Healthcare Monitoring, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69362-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-016-0235-1","article-title":"A review of electrodes for the electrical brain signal recording","volume":"6","author":"Im","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.10.001","article-title":"Evaluation of commercially available electrodes and gels for recording of slow EEG potentials","volume":"116","author":"Tallgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12847","DOI":"10.3390\/s140712847","article-title":"Dry EEG Electrodes","volume":"14","author":"Valle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.12.017","article-title":"A 3D printed dry electrode for ECG\/EEG recording","volume":"174","author":"Salvo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krachunov, S., and Casson, A.J. (2016). 3D Printed Dry EEG Electrodes. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101635"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019, April 05). Cognionics. Available online: http:\/\/www.cognionics.com\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2016, July 25). g.tec: Products\/g.SAHARA. Available online: http:\/\/www.gtec.at\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2016, July 25). Neuroelectrics: Products\/Electrodes. Available online: http:\/\/neuroelectrics.com\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2019, April 05). Creative Materials. Available online: http:\/\/www.creativematerials.com\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-00093-6","article-title":"Wearable EEG and Beyond","volume":"10","author":"Casson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hairston, W.D., Slipher, G.A., and Yu, A.B. (arXiv, 2016). Ballistic gelatin as a putative substrate for EEG phantom devices, arXiv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.370","article-title":"Towards closed-loop transcranial Electrical Stimulation: A comparison of methods for real time tES-EEG artefact removal using a phantom head model","volume":"10","author":"Kohli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verwulgen, S., Lacko, D., Justine, H., Kustermans, S., Moons, S., Thys, F., Zelck, S., Vaes, K., Huysmans, T., and Vleugels, J. (2018, January 21\u201325). Determining Comfortable Pressure Ranges for Wearable EEG Headsets. Proceedings of the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Human Factors and Wearable Technologies, and Human Factors in Game Design and Virtual Environments, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94619-1_2"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/2\/002","article-title":"The influence of amplifier, interface and biological noise on signal quality in high-resolution EEG recordings","volume":"27","author":"Scheer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slipher, G.A., Hairston, W.D., Bradford, J.C., Bain, E.D., and Mrozek, R.A. (2018). Carbon nanofiber-filled conductive silicone elastomers as soft, dry bioelectronic interfaces. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189415"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1650\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:43:25Z","timestamp":1760186605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s19071650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19071650","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]}}}