{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T09:08:23Z","timestamp":1769764103112,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81501556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81501556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61773110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61773110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61374015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61374015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N161904002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N161904002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. N172008008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. N172008008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The financial support from the program of China Scholarships Council","award":["201806085052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806085052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite that graphene has been extensively used in flexible wearable sensors, it remains an unmet need to fabricate a graphene-based sensor by a simple and low-cost method. Here, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are prepared by thermal expansion method, and a sensor is fabricated by sealing of a graphene sheet with polyurethane (PU) medical film. Compared with other graphene-based sensors, it greatly simplifies the fabrication process and enables the effective measurement of signals. The resistance of graphene sheet changes linearly with the deformation of the graphene sensor, which lays a solid foundation for the detection of physiological signals. A signal processing circuit is developed to output the physiological signals in the form of electrical signals. The sensor was used to measure finger bending motion signals, respiration signals and pulse wave signals. All the results demonstrate that the graphene sensor fabricated by the simple and low-cost method is a promising platform for physiological signal measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1554724492000},"page":"1656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Detection of Physiological Signals Based on Graphene Using a Simple and Low-Cost Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8187-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingshi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Neusoft Research of Intelligent Healthcare Technology, Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110167, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-017-9077-x","article-title":"Advanced carbon materials for flexible and wearable sensors","volume":"11","author":"Jian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011012","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/39\/1\/011012","article-title":"Recent progress of flexible and wearable strain sensors for human-motion monitoring","volume":"39","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Semicond."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201504755","article-title":"Stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors and their potential applications: A review","volume":"26","author":"Amjadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700587","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700587","article-title":"Carbon Nanofiber versus Graphene-Based Stretchable Capacitive Touch Sensors for Artificial Electronic Skin","volume":"5","author":"Cataldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/37\/375501","article-title":"Ultra-stretchable and skin-mountable strain sensors using carbon nanotubes\u2013Ecoflex nanocomposites","volume":"26","author":"Amjadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700889","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700889","article-title":"Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare","volume":"7","author":"Shanshan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504150","article-title":"Recent advances in flexible and stretchable bio-electronic devices integrated with nanomaterials","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600245","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201600245","article-title":"Cellulosic Graphene Biocomposites for Versatile High-Performance Flexible Electronic Applications","volume":"2","author":"Cataldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.08.002","article-title":"Nanosensors and nanomaterials for monitoring glucose in diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Cash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04233","article-title":"Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene","volume":"438","author":"Morozov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04235","article-title":"Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry\u2019s phase in graphene","volume":"438","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0731872","article-title":"Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene","volume":"3","author":"Balandin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1063\/1.122911","article-title":"Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites","volume":"26","author":"Schadler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02311","article-title":"A route to high surface area, porosity and inclusion of large molecules in crystals","volume":"427","author":"Chae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1157996","article-title":"Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene","volume":"321","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"199","article-title":"Graphene: From strength to strength","volume":"4","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00870","article-title":"Stretchable and highly sensitive graphene-on-polymer strain sensors","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2015.06.007","article-title":"A flexible strain sensor made of graphene nanoplatelets\/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite","volume":"142","author":"Filippidou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"555","article-title":"Research progress and potential applications for graphene\/polymer composites","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Carbon Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36312","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b15848","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Mazelike Vertical Graphene Network","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24853","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b06012","article-title":"Strain sensors with adjustable sensitivity by tailoring the microstructure of graphene aerogel\/PDMS nanocomposites","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00230","article-title":"A wearable and highly sensitive graphene strain sensor for precise home-based pulse wave monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3390\/app8091438","article-title":"Graphene nanoplatelets-based advanced materials and recent progress in sustainable applications","volume":"8","author":"Pietro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4826496","article-title":"Graphene\/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite strain sensor","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7614","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201602619","article-title":"Highly sensitive, wearable, durable strain sensors and stretchable conductors using graphene\/silicon rubber composites","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinaldi, A., Tamburrano, A., Fortunato, M., and Sarto, M.S. (2016). A flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensor based on a PDMS foam coated with graphene nanoplatelets. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122148"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.08.048","article-title":"Graphene-based transparent strain sensor","volume":"51","author":"Bae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"699","article-title":"Scalable fabrication of high-performance and flexible graphene strain sensors","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201400379","article-title":"Wearable and highly sensitive graphene strain sensors for human motion monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.02.053","article-title":"An ultra-sensitive and rapid response speed graphene pressure sensors for electronic skin and health monitoring","volume":"23","author":"Lou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"3526","article-title":"Research progress of functional graphene prepared by thermo exfoliation method","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701513","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201701513","article-title":"Highly Elastic Graphene-Based Electronics Toward Electronic Skin","volume":"27","author":"Yun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504244","article-title":"Flexible and stretchable physical sensor integrated platforms for wearable human-activity monitoring and personal healthcare","volume":"28","author":"Trung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"263","article-title":"Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults","volume":"3","author":"Epstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(91)90970-S","article-title":"Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study","volume":"1","author":"Gillum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4132","article-title":"A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.910681","article-title":"A novel noninvasive measurement technique for analyzing the pressure pulse waveform of the radial artery","volume":"55","author":"Tyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:43:27Z","timestamp":1760186607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s19071656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19071656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]}}}