{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:17:50Z","timestamp":1768983470850,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61761013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61761013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province,China","award":["2017GXNSFAA198116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017GXNSFAA198116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serum bilirubin is an important biomarker for the diagnosis of various types of liver diseases and blood disorders. A polydopamine\/gold nanoclusters composite film was fabricated for the fluorescent sensing of free bilirubin. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were used as probes for biorecognition. The polydopamine film was utilized as an adhesion layer for immobilization of AuNCs. When the composite film was exposed to free bilirubin, due to the complex that was formed between BSA and free bilirubin, the fluorescence intensity of the composite film was gradually weakened as the bilirubin concentration increased. The fluorescence quenching ratio (F0\/F) was linearly proportional to free bilirubin over the concentration range of 0.8~50 \u03bcmol\/L with a limit of detection of 0.61 \u00b1 0.12 \u03bcmol\/L (S\/N = 3). The response was quick, the film was recyclable, and common ingredients in human serum did not interfere with the detection of free bilirubin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T03:46:37Z","timestamp":1555040797000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Gold Nanoclusters Film Supported on Polydopamine for Fluorescent Sensing of Free Bilirubin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4773-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detection Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhencheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01716.x","article-title":"Bilirubin in clinical practice: A review","volume":"28","author":"Fevery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329102800202","article-title":"The analysis of bilirubin in serum","volume":"28","author":"Westwood","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(02)00053-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of bilirubin toxicity: Clinical implications","volume":"29","author":"Hansen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"E1432","article-title":"Intestinal NCoR1, a regulator of epithelial cell maturation, controls neonatal hyperbilirubinemia","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2003.09.011","article-title":"Bilirubin toxicity in the developing nervous system","volume":"29","author":"Shapiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.121269","article-title":"Unbound (free) bilirubin: Improving the paradigm for evaluating neonatal jaundice","volume":"55","author":"Ahlfors","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871102300121","article-title":"Comparison of the vanadate oxidase method with the diazo method for serum bilirubin determination in dog, monkey, and rat","volume":"123","author":"Ameri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.12.034","article-title":"Construction of an amperometric bilirubin biosensor based on covalent immobilization of bilirubin oxidase onto zirconia coated silica nanoparticles\/chitosan hybrid film","volume":"44","author":"Batra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.06.002","article-title":"Selective nonenzymatic bilirubin detection in blood samples using a nafion\/mn\u2013cu sensor","volume":"61","author":"Noh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.11.041","article-title":"Direct determination of fBR in serum at sub-nanomolar levels","volume":"809","author":"Martelanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.09.012","article-title":"A needle extraction utilizing a molecularly imprinted-sol-gel xerogel for on-line microextraction of the lung cancer biomarker bilirubin from plasma and urine samples","volume":"1366","author":"Moein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200900749","article-title":"Determination of fBR and its binding capacity by HSA using a microfluidic chip-capillary electrophoresis device with a multi-segment circular-ferrofluid-driven micromixing injection","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.12.026","article-title":"Switchable fluorescence immunoassay using gold nanoclusters anchored cobalt oxyhydroxide composite for sensitive detection of imidacloprid","volume":"283","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2015.3500","article-title":"Ratiometric fluorescent sensing of copper ion based on a pyrene schiff base langmuir-blodgett film","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12666","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.13756","article-title":"Fluorescent iron (III) determination based on salicylaldehyde functionalized bimodal mesoporous silica","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(97)00666-1","article-title":"Fluorescence reaction of bilirubin with zinc ion in dimethyl sulfoxide and its application to assay of total bilirubin in serum","volume":"365","author":"Kohashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.3455","article-title":"The fluorescence quenching of Ru(bipy)32+: An application for the determination of bilirubin in biological samples","volume":"33","author":"Wabaidur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2012.06.013","article-title":"Spectrofluorimetric quantification of bilirubin using yttrium\u2013norfloxacin complex as a fluorescence probe in serum samples","volume":"132","author":"Kamruzzaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.05.026","article-title":"Fluorescence turn on detection of bilirubin using Fe (III) modulated BSA stabilized copper nanocluster; a mechanistic perception","volume":"1031","author":"Jayasree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42155","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b17554","article-title":"A pH-Controlled Kit for Total and Direct Bilirubin Built on Mimetic Peroxidase CoFe2O4-DOPA-Catalyzed Fluorescence Enhancement","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5b00043","article-title":"Selective and sensitive sensing of fBR in human serum using water-soluble polyfluorene as fluorescent probe","volume":"48","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30925","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b09091","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective sensing of fBR using metal-organic frameworks-based energy transfer process","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.026","article-title":"A green and facile approach for synthesizing imine to develop optical biosensor for wide range detection of bilirubin in human biofluids","volume":"91","author":"Ellairaja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1021\/ac503636j","article-title":"Fluorescent gold nanoclusters: Recent advances in sensing and imaging","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111477","article-title":"Label-free fluorescent detection of trypsin activity based on DNA-stabilized silver nanocluster-peptide conjugates","volume":"16","author":"Zhuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11595","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4035939","article-title":"A Dual-Emission Fluorescent Nanocomplex of Gold-Cluster-Decorated Silica Particles for Live Cell Imaging of Highly Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b11174","article-title":"Exploring interfacial events in gold-nanocluster-sensitized solar cells: Insights into the effects of the cluster size and electrolyte on solar cell performance","volume":"138","author":"Abbas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01A401","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4974198","article-title":"Nanohybrids consisting of magnetic nanoparticles and gold nanoclusters as effective peroxidase mimics and their application for colorimetric detection of glucose","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an35068h","article-title":"Recyclable fluorescent gold nanocluster membrane for visual sensing of copper(ii) ion in aqueous solution","volume":"137","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b05591","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear optical properties of monolayer-protected gold nanocluster films","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071124","article-title":"Facile fabrication of a gold nanocluster-based membrane for the detection of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"16","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1021\/ja806804u","article-title":"Protein-directed synthesis of highly fluorescent gold nanoclusters","volume":"131","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1039\/C1JM13457D","article-title":"Microwave-assisted synthesis of BSA-stabilized and HSA-protected gold nanoclusters with red emission","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.04.003","article-title":"Selective and sensitive detection of fBR in blood serum using human serum albumin stabilized gold nanoclusters as fluorometric and colorimetric probe","volume":"59","author":"Santhosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1021\/la00006a039","article-title":"Dicyanoanthracene as a fluorescence probe for studies on silica surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Hayashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-6030(00)00305-1","article-title":"Synthesis and solvent-sensitive fluorescence properties of a novel surface-functionalized chitosan film: Potential materials for reversible information storage","volume":"135","author":"Fang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:44:30Z","timestamp":1760186670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s19071726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19071726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]}}}