{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:37:31Z","timestamp":1760240251072,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood pressure (BP) is a physiological parameter reflecting hemodynamic factors and is crucial in evaluating cardiovascular disease and its prognosis. In the present study, the reliability of a non-invasive and continuous BP measurement using a three-axis tactile force sensor was verified. All the data were collected every 2 min for the short-term experiment, and every 10 min for the long-term experiment. In addition, the effects on the BP measurement of external physical factors such as the tension to the radial artery on applying the device and wrist circumference were evaluated. A high correlation between the measured BP with the proposed system and with the cuff-based non-invasive blood pressure, and reproducibility, were demonstrated. All data satisfied the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation criteria. The external physical factors did not affect the measurement results. In addition to previous research indicating the high reliability of the arterial pulse waveforms, the present results have demonstrated the reliability of numerical BP values, and this implies that the three-axis force sensor can be used as a patient monitoring device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T03:46:37Z","timestamp":1555040797000},"page":"1744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reliability and Validity of Non-invasive Blood Pressure Measurement System Using Three-Axis Tactile Force Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"given":"Ji-Eun","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Cserey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Hae-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1889-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Mo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2014.08.001","article-title":"Measurement of blood pressure","volume":"28","author":"Saugel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Prac. 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