{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:23:51Z","timestamp":1773156231472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.U1766217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.U1766217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, in the modern power industry, it is still a great challenge to achieve high sensitivity and uninterrupted-online measurement of large current on the high voltage gridlines. At present, the fiber grating current sensors based on giant magnetostrictive material used in the modern power industry to achieve uninterrupted-online measurement of large currents on high voltage grid lines is a better method, but the sensitivity of this current sensor is relatively low, therefore, it is key to improve the sensitivity of this current sensor. Here we show a sensitivity-enhanced fiber grating current sensor based on giant magnetostrictive material (in the following, simply referred to as the sensitivity-enhanced fiber grating current sensor) that is able to achieve high sensitivity and uninterrupted-online measurement of large currents by means of pressurizing the giant magnetostrictive material. Sampling the power frequency sinusoidal alternating current signals with the amplitudes of 107, 157 and 262 A respectively, based on realistic factors, for the sensitivity-enhanced current sensor, the sensitivities, compared with that of the traditional fiber grating current sensor based on giant magnetostrictive material (in the following, simply referred to as the traditional fiber grating current sensor), were respectively enhanced by 268.96%, 135.72% and 71.57%. Thus the sensitivity-enhanced fiber grating current sensor allows us to solve the issue of high sensitivity and uninterrupted-online measurement of large currents that have been plaguing the power industry in a very simple and low-cost way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T12:55:04Z","timestamp":1555073704000},"page":"1755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A Sensitivity-enhanced Fiber Grating Current Sensor Based on Giant Magnetostrictive Material for Large-Current Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shuchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transmission &amp; Distribution Equipment and Power System Safety and New Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transmission &amp; Distribution Equipment and Power System Safety and New Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Their Applications, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weigen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transmission &amp; Distribution Equipment and Power System Safety and New Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weichao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Their Applications, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transmission &amp; Distribution Equipment and Power System Safety and New Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2013.06.021","article-title":"A novel temperature-compensated method for FBG-GMM current sensor","volume":"308","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, C.M., Dai, B., Price, J., Lin, J., Pearl, M., Soltmann, B., and Michael, L. (2019). A new multivariate optical computing microelement and miniature sensor for spectroscopic chemical sensing in Harsh Environments: Design, Fabrication, and testing. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030701"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, B., Xu, X.Z., He, J., Guo, K.K., Huang, W., Zhang, F.C., Zhang, M., and Wang, Y.P. (2019). In-Fiber collimator-based Fabry-Perot interferometer with enhanced vibration sensitivity. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020435"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6401","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.006401","article-title":"Very sensitive fiber Bragg grating accelerometer using transverse forces with an easy over-range protection and low cross axial sensitivity","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2337518","article-title":"Compact optomagnetic bragg-grating-based current sensor for transmission lines","volume":"15","author":"Wemeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.002308","article-title":"Surface plasmon reasonance sensing in gaseous media with optical fiber grating","volume":"43","author":"Ioannou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.000631","article-title":"Acoustic emission sensor system using a chirped fiber-Bragg-grating Fabry-Perot interferometer and smart feedback control","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1109\/61.252692","article-title":"Development of optical current transformers and application to fault location systems for substation","volume":"8","author":"Yamagata","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2009). Current sensor based on giant magnetostrictive material and fiber Bragg grating. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jiangsu University]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Yao, X.F. (2007). Optical fiber Fabry-Perot current sensor based on giant magnetostrictive materials. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chongqing University]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Sun, F.F. (2017). Research of GMM fiber current sensor. [Ph.D. Thesis, Harbin University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Liu, J. (2013). Study of GMM-FBG current transformer based on DFB laser demodulation technology. [Ph.D. Thesis, Harbin University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wang, L. (2012). Theoretical and experimental studies of current sensing based on giant magnetostrictive materials and fiber grating. [Ph.D. Thesis, Hebei University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2006.12.016","article-title":"Design and application of magnetostictive materials","volume":"29","author":"Olabi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1063\/1.340602","article-title":"Magnetostriction \u201cjumps\u201d in twinned Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.9","volume":"63","author":"Clark","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1984.1063469","article-title":"Effect of stress on the magnetostriction and magnetization of Single cryatalTb0.27Dy0.73Fe2","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7148","DOI":"10.1063\/1.357991","article-title":"Comparison of the dymic magnetomechanical properties of Tb0.27Dy0.73Fe2 and Tb0.30Dy0.70Fe2","volume":"76","author":"Kendall","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02669638","article-title":"Magnetomechanical damping in giant magnetostriction alloys","volume":"26","author":"Hathaway","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123923","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3596823","article-title":"The stress dependence of magnetostriction hysteresis in TbDyFe[110] oriented crystal","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8489","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1540061","article-title":"Magnetization processes and magnetostriction of Tb0.27Dy0.73Fe2 single crystal <110> direction","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250074","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984912500741","article-title":"Magnetoelastic properties dependence on compressive stress in <110> oriented TbDyFe polycrystalline alloys with high drive levels","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7462(02)00052-5","article-title":"Non-linear constitutive relations for magnetostrictive materials","volume":"38","author":"Wan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Non-Linear Mech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6208","DOI":"10.1063\/1.368938","article-title":"Magnetostriction of Tb-Dy-Fe crystals","volume":"84","author":"Mei","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zhao, P. (2009). Experimental investigations of magneto-mechanical coupled characteristics in giant magnetostrictive materials. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lanzhou University]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400678","article-title":"Characterization of Terfenol-D for magnetostrictive transducers","volume":"89","author":"Moffett","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2005.850996","article-title":"Design of a Terfenol-D based fiber-optic current transducer","volume":"5","author":"Satpathi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10338-007-0733-x","article-title":"Experimental researches on magneto-thermo-mechanical characterize action of Terfenol-D","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Solida Sin."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Xiong, Y.L. (2007). Theoretical and technical research on A Terfenol-D and optical Bragg grating based current senor. [Ph.D. Thesis, Harbin University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.04.030","article-title":"Experimental study on the martensitic transformation in AISI 304 steel sheets subjected to tension under wide ranges of strain rate at room temperature","volume":"528","author":"Pesci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1109\/61.847286","article-title":"Electric distribution system load capability: Problem formulation, solution alagorithm, and numerical results","volume":"15","author":"Miu","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Chen, C.X., Xiang, T.Y., Tu, G.Y., and Tan, S.T. (2012). Electrical Engineering Foundation, China Electric Power Publishing House. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19940059","article-title":"All-fiber Bragg strain-sensor demodulation technique using a wavelength division coupler","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"313","article-title":"Fast FBG sensor interrogation system using vertical cavity surface emitting laser source","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.18.001370","article-title":"Multip-lexedd fiber Bragg grating strain-sensor system with a fiber Fabry-Perot wavelength fiber","volume":"18","author":"Kersey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.02.041","article-title":"Theoretical investigation of an optical fiber amplifier loop for intra-cavity and ring-down cavity gas sensing","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1524312","article-title":"Free energy model for hysteresis in magnetostrictive transducers","volume":"93","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1983.1062594","article-title":"Ferromagnetic hysteresis","volume":"19","author":"Jiles","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/28\/8\/001","article-title":"Theory of the magnetomechanical effect","volume":"28","author":"Jiles","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. D"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/8\/1755\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:44:57Z","timestamp":1760186697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/8\/1755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s19081755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19081755","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]}}}