{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:45:00Z","timestamp":1780987500948,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTA2014-00025-C05-03 and RTA2014-00025-C05-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTA2014-00025-C05-03 and RTA2014-00025-C05-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The introduction of a mechanical harvesting process for oranges can contribute to enhancing farm profitability and reducing labour dependency. The objective of this work is to determine the spread of the vibration in citrus tree canopies to establish recommendations to reach high values of fruit detachment efficiency and eliminate the need for subsequent hand-harvesting processes. Field tests were carried out with a lateral tractor-drawn canopy shaker on four commercial plots of sweet oranges. Canopy vibration during the harvesting process was measured with a set of triaxial accelerometer sensors with a datalogger placed on 90 bearing branches. Monitoring of the vibration process, fruit production, and branch properties were analysed. The improvement of fruit detachment efficiency was possible if both the hedge tree and the machinery were mutually adjusted. The hedge should be trained to facilitate access of the rods and to encourage external fructification since the internal canopy branches showed 43% of the acceleration vibration level of the external branches. The machine should be adjusted to vibrate the branches at a vibration time of at least 5.8 s, after the interaction of the rod with the branch, together with a root mean square acceleration value of 23.9 m\/s2 to a complete process of fruit detachment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T12:55:04Z","timestamp":1555073704000},"page":"1760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vibration Monitoring of the Mechanical Harvesting of Citrus to Improve Fruit Detachment Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0480-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Castro-Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Engineering, Universidad de Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Aragon-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Engineering, Universidad de Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael R.","family":"Sola-Guirado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Engineering, Universidad de Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDAL, Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Soria-Olivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDAL, Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas A.","family":"Gil-Ribes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Engineering, Universidad de Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAOSTAT (2019, March 25). Food and Agriculture Data. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QC."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (2019, March 25). Average Production Costs. 2016\u201317 Season, Available online: http:\/\/www.juntadeandalucia.es\/agriculturaypesca\/observatorio."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2012.965.32","article-title":"Mechanical harvesting of sweet oranges for juice processing","volume":"965","author":"Roka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/0030727018762657","article-title":"Economic evaluation of mechanical harvesting of lemons","volume":"47","author":"Torregrosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Outlook Agric."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2004.10.006","article-title":"Orange harvesting systems review","volume":"90","author":"Sanders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.5766","article-title":"Field test results with mechanical harvesting equipment in Florida oranges","volume":"15","author":"Whitney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mechanical harvesting without abscission agents-Yield impacts on late season \u2018Valencia\u2019 oranges","volume":"118","author":"Roka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTTECH.15.4.0758","article-title":"Mechanical harvesting capacity in sweet orange is increased with an abscission agent","volume":"15","author":"Burns","year":"2005","journal-title":"HortTechnology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.35.2.226","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the response of \u2018Valencia\u2019 orange to two abscission compounds","volume":"35","author":"Hartmond","year":"2000","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.41.3.660","article-title":"Late-season \u2018Valencia\u2019 orange mechanical harvesting with an abscission agent and low-frequency harvesting","volume":"41","author":"Burns","year":"2006","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2016.11.012","article-title":"Frequency response of late-season \u2018Valencia\u2019 orange to selective harvesting by vibration for juice industry","volume":"155","author":"Ferguson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.45.8.1297","article-title":"Mechanical harvesting increases leaf and stem debris in loads of mechanically harvested citrus fruit","volume":"45","author":"Spann","year":"2010","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.34892","article-title":"Simulation study of citrus tree canopy motion during harvesting using a canopy shaker","volume":"53","author":"Savary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.01.005","article-title":"Study of force distribution in the citrus tree canopy during harvest using a continuous canopy shaker","volume":"76","author":"Savary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"971","article-title":"Optimization of a citrus canopy shaker harvesting system: Properties and modeling of tree limbs","volume":"58","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.13031\/trans.59.10819","article-title":"Optimization of a citrus canopy shaker harvesting system: Mechanistic tree damage and fruit detachment models","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.03.004","article-title":"Simulation study on the effects of tine-shaking frequency and penetrating depth on fruit detachment for citrus canopy-shaker harvesting","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"48","article-title":"Selection and experimental evaluation of shaking rods of canopy shaker to reduce tree damage for citrus mechanical harvesting","volume":"11","author":"Pu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"44","article-title":"Tree spacing affects citrus fruit distribution and yield","volume":"97","author":"Whitney","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.04.007","article-title":"Vibration analysis of the fruit detachment process in late-season \u2018Valencia\u2019 orange with canopy shaker technology","volume":"170","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/8\/1760\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:45:00Z","timestamp":1760186700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/8\/1760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s19081760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19081760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]}}}