{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:20:43Z","timestamp":1773804043722,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]],"date-time":"2019-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Measuring joint range of motion has traditionally occurred with a universal goniometer or expensive laboratory based kinematic analysis systems. Technological advances in wearable inertial measurement units (IMU) enables limb motion to be measured with a small portable electronic device. This paper aims to validate an IMU, the \u2018Biokin\u2019, for measuring shoulder range of motion in healthy adults; (2) Methods: Thirty participants completed four shoulder movements (forward flexion, abduction, and internal and external rotation) on each shoulder. Each movement was assessed with a goniometer and the IMU by two testers independently. The extent of agreement between each tester\u2019s goniometer and IMU measurements was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement (LOA). Secondary analysis compared agreement between tester\u2019s goniometer or IMU measurements (inter-rater reliability) using ICC\u2019s and LOA; (3) Results: Goniometer and IMU measurements for all movements showed high levels of agreement when taken by the same tester; ICCs &gt; 0.90 and LOAs &lt; \u00b15 degrees. Inter-rater reliability was lower; ICCs ranged between 0.71 to 0.89 and LOAs were outside a prior defined acceptable LOAs (i.e., &gt; \u00b15 degrees); (4) Conclusions: The current study provides preliminary evidence of the concurrent validity of the Biokin IMU for assessing shoulder movements, but only when a single tester took measurements. Further testing of the Biokin\u2019s psychometric properties is required before it can be confidently used in routine clinical practice and research settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T11:15:58Z","timestamp":1555326958000},"page":"1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Assessment of Shoulder Range of Motion Using a Wireless Inertial Motion Capture Device\u2014A Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Rigoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"},{"name":"Barwon Centre for Orthopaedic Research and Education (B-CORE), St John of God Hospital Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"},{"name":"Deakin University, Waurn Ponds &amp; Burwood, Victoria 3216 &amp; 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Babazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Elsewaisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nhan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University, Waurn Ponds &amp; Burwood, Victoria 3216 &amp; 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8014-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pubudu N.","family":"Pathirana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University, Waurn Ponds &amp; Burwood, Victoria 3216 &amp; 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2225-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"},{"name":"Barwon Centre for Orthopaedic Research and Education (B-CORE), St John of God Hospital Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"},{"name":"Deakin University, Waurn Ponds &amp; Burwood, Victoria 3216 &amp; 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X11Y.0000000023","article-title":"The reliability of clinical measurements designed to quantify shoulder mobility","volume":"16","author":"Hanney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. 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