{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:44:48Z","timestamp":1780519488776,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2013 \u2013 \u00b5FlexBat"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2013 \u2013 \u00b5FlexBat"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PEst-OE UID\/EEA\/00066\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEst-OE UID\/EEA\/00066\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["foRESTER  PCIF\/SSI\/0102\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["foRESTER  PCIF\/SSI\/0102\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes an energy harvesting system composed of an organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) connected to a DC\u2013DC converter, designed in a 130 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, with a quasi- maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to maximize the system efficiency, for indoor applications. OPVs are an emerging technology with potential for low cost indoor light energy harvesting. The OPV current-voltage curves (I-V) under an irradiance of solar simulator Oriel Sol 3A, at room temperature, are obtained and an accurate electrical model is derived. The energy harvesting system is subjected to four different indoor light sources: 35 W halogen, 3.5 W LED, 5 W LED, and 7 W LED, positioned at three different heights (0.45 m, 0.26 m, and 0.11 m), to evaluate the potential of the system for indoor applications. The measurements showed maximum efficiencies of 60% for 35 W halogen and 45% for 7 W LED at the highest distance (0.45 m) and between 60% (5 W LED) and 70% (35 W halogen), at the shorter distance (0.11 m). Under irradiation, the integrated CMOS circuit presented a maximum efficiency of 75.76%, which is, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, the best reported power management unit (PMU) energy system using organic photovoltaic cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T11:15:58Z","timestamp":1555326958000},"page":"1803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Combined Organic Photovoltaic Cells and Ultra Low Power CMOS Circuit for Indoor Light Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Duarte","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS-UNINOVA, Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias, 2829-517 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT), Univ. Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Bica","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS-UNINOVA, Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias, 2829-517 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT), Univ. Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS-UNINOVA, Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias, 2829-517 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT), Univ. Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3968-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS-UNINOVA, Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias, 2829-517 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"ADEETC, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (IPL-ISEL), CEDET, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS-UNINOVA, Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Novas Tecnologias, 2829-517 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT), Univ. Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Farinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Charas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Mendon\u00e7a","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Academia Militar (AM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar (IUM), DCEE, Campus da Amadora, 2720-113 Amadora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitot, J., Hester, J.G., and Tentzeris, M.M. (2015, January 17\u201322). Ambient Energy Harvesting from a Two-way Talk Radio for Flexible Wearable Devices utilizing Inkjet Printing Masking. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2015.7167079"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, T., Islam, S.K., To, G., and Mahfouz, M. (2017, January 7\u201310). Powering Wearable Sensors with a Low-Power CMOS Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Circuit. 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