{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:37:56Z","timestamp":1775072276406,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["51778068,51678069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51778068,51678069"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012336","name":"Major State Basic Research Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015CB057704, 2015CB057705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB057704, 2015CB057705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department of China","award":["17A010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17A010"]}]},{"name":"Major Technological Achievements Transformation Program of Hunan Strategic emerging industries of China","award":["2017GK4034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017GK4034"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["2019JJ40301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JJ40301"]}]},{"name":"Double Top-class International Cooperation Scientific Research Fund of Changsha University of Science and Technology of China","award":["2018IC18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018IC18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the authors present a stress wave-based active sensing method to detect the crack in FRP-reinforced concrete beams. The embedded smart aggregates (SAs), which utilize Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) as transducers, are employed in this research to generate and sense the stress wave. Three specimens are involved in the experimental program and each is made of concrete, longitudinal distributed reinforcement, steel stirrups, main bar (FRP bar or steel bar), and four SAs. A pair of SAs installed on the lower part of the main bar and the other pair of SAs mounted on the upper part of main bar are utilized to monitor the crack occurrence and development in the three test specimens. The signals received by the SA sensors are analyzed in both time domain and frequency domain. The wavelet packet energy is used to extract damage features. The applied load\u2013vertical displacement curves of mid-span in the specimen are obtained. Experimental results show the test specimens experience crushing failure when the concrete compression exceeds its compressive strength. Increasing the contact area between FRP bar and concrete can effectively improve the cracking load of the FRP-reinforced concrete beam and reduce the cracking speed and depth of FRP-reinforced concrete beam; on the other hand, increasing the elastic modulus of the main bar can slow down the crack development of concrete on the upper side of the main bar and decrease the displacement of reinforced concrete beam during the loading test process. The research results show that the developed piezoceramic-based active sensing method, though low-cost, can monitor the crack-induced damage and estimate the process of damage degree in real-time, and has potentials to provide an early warning of crack occurrence and development for FRP-reinforced concrete beams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19091979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1556506652000},"page":"1979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Crack Detection of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Beam Using Embedded Piezoceramic Smart Aggregates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5236-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central-Southern Safety &amp; Environment Technology Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haichang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.208","article-title":"Influence of cracks on chloride diffusivity in concrete: A five-phase mesoscale model approach","volume":"197","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. 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