{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:38:10Z","timestamp":1760240290116,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61171182","61032011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61171182","61032011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIT.MKSTISP.2016 13","HIT.MKSTISP.2016 26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT.MKSTISP.2016 13","HIT.MKSTISP.2016 26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A performance bound\u2014Cram\u00e9r-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for target estimation and detection in sparse stepped frequency radars is presented. The vector formulation of this CRLB is used to obtain a lower bound on the estimation error. The estimation performance can be transformed into different types of CRLB structures. Therefore, the expressions of bounds under three equivalent models are derived separately: time delay and Doppler stretch estimator, joint multiple parameter estimator, and sparse-based estimator. The variables to be estimated include the variances of unknown noise, range, velocity, and the real and imaginary parts of the amplitude. A general performance expression is proposed by considering the echo of the target in the line-of-sight. When the relationship between CRLB and various parameters are discussed in detail, the specific effect of waveform parameters on a single CRLB is compared and analyzed. Numerical simulations demonstrated that the resulting CRLB exhibits considerable theoretical and practical significance for the selection of optimal waveform parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T03:25:38Z","timestamp":1556508338000},"page":"2002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Performance Bound for Joint Multiple Parameter Target Estimation in Sparse Stepped-Frequency Radar: A Comparison Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3198-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiushi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3092-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4911-9654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Scharf, L., and Mcwhorter, L. 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