{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:36:42Z","timestamp":1761745002576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is crucial to estimate the location of primary users (PUs) for the development of cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Great efforts have been made in the past to develop localization algorithms with better accuracy but low computation. In CRNs, PUs do not cooperate with secondary users (SUs), which makes the localization task challenging. Due to this feature, received signal strength (RSS)-based PU localization techniques, such as centroid localization (CL) and multidimensional scaling (MDS), are the best candidates. However, most of the CL- and MDS-based PU localization methods consider omnidirectional wireless communication. Therefore, in this paper we propose a PU localization method which uses the RSS values at different sectors of the SU antenna, where a scoring strategy is applied to all the sectors to estimate the PU location. Two different scoring functions are proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed localization method is robust to PU locations and channel conditions. The proposed method is validated in terms of various network parameters, such as the number of SUs, beamwidth of the SU sectors, size of the grid, and placement of the PUs. Results show that increasing the number of SUs improve the localization accuracy due to an increased number of measurements. However, the localization accuracy degrades with an increase in the beamwidth of the SU sector because the faraway grid points also participate in the localization. The results are also compared with the conventional CL for PU localization. Compared with conventional CL, it offers a significant improvement in the performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T03:15:22Z","timestamp":1556766922000},"page":"2035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5123-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasir","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haewoon","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tareq Y.","family":"Al-Naffouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed-Slim","family":"Alouini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.2183771","article-title":"Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio: State-of-the-Art and Recent Advances","volume":"29","author":"Axell","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2015707","article-title":"Signal Processing in Cognitive Radio","volume":"97","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ten Years of Cognitive Radio Technology","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/98.788210","article-title":"Cognitive radio: Making software radios more personal","volume":"6","author":"Mitola","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, H., Ghorbel, M.B., and Alouini, M.S. (2010, January 9\u201311). Location-Based Resource Allocation for OFDMA Cognitive Radio Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, (PIMRC), Cannes, France.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.CROWNCOM2010.9154"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.080104","article-title":"Defense against primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, S., Jin, Z., and Subbalakshmi, K. (2008, January 14\u201317). An analytical model for primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2008.16"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, W.L., Tseng, C.L., Tsai, C.S., Kao, W.C., and Kao, C.W. (2012, January 6\u20139). Channel-based detection of primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radios. Proceedings of the IEEE 75th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2012.6239877"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T.N., Chin, W.L., and Lin, Y.H. (2016, January 15\u201318). Non-cooperative and cooperative PUEA detection using physical layer in mobile OFDM-based cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2016.7440583"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Panigrahi, B.K., Trivedi, M.C., Mishra, K.K., Tiwari, S., and Singh, P.K. (2019). Detecting Primary User Emulation Attack Based on Multipath Delay in Cognitive Radio Network. Smart Innovations in Communication and Computational Sciences, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanem, W.R., Shokair, M., and Desouky, M.I. (2016, January 22\u201325). An improved primary user emulation attack detection in cognitive radio networks based on firefly optimization algorithm. Proceedings of the 33rd National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), Aswan, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2016.7450851"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fihri, W.F., Ghazi, H.E., Kaabouch, N., and Majd, B.A.E. (2017, January 16\u201318). Bayesian decision model with trilateration for primary user emulation attack localization in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), Marrakech, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC.2017.8071979"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fihri, W.F., Arjoune, Y., Ghazi, H.E., Kaabouch, N., and Majd, B.A.E. (2018, January 8\u201310). A particle swarm optimization based algorithm for primary user emulation attack detection. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2018.8301616"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Mrabet, Z., Arjoune, Y., El Ghazi, H., Abou Al Majd, B., and Kaabouch, N. (2018). Primary User Emulation Attacks: A Detection Technique Based on Kalman Filter. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7030026"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2366515","article-title":"Robust Multidimensional Scaling for Cognitive Radio Network Localization","volume":"64","author":"Saeed","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21753","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2750238","article-title":"Location Awareness in 5G Networks Using RSS Measurements for Public Safety Applications","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"115","article-title":"Prospective Positioning Architecture and Technologies in 5G Networks","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Zafari, F., Gkelias, A., and Leung, K.K. (2017). A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2531630","article-title":"Cluster Based Multidimensional Scaling for Irregular Cognitive Radio Networks Localization","volume":"64","author":"Saeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, N., Haris, M., and Haq, M.I.U. (2017, January 8\u20139). Jointly locating the primary and secondary users in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication, Computing and Digital Systems (C-CODE), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/C-CODE.2017.7918892"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600655","article-title":"High-Efficiency Device Positioning and Location-Aware Communications in Dense 5G Networks","volume":"55","author":"Koivisto","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environment-aware Location Estimation in Cellular Networks","volume":"2008","author":"Tugcu","year":"2008","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/98.878533","article-title":"GPS-less low-cost outdoor localization for very small devices","volume":"7","author":"Bulusu","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariani, A., Kandeepan, S., Giorgetti, A., and Chiani, M. (2012, January 2\u20135). Cooperative weighted centroid localization for cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIT.2012.6380942"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2014.1002","article-title":"Primary user localisation and uplink resource allocation in orthogonal frequency division multiple access cognitive radio systems","volume":"9","author":"Nam","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2712802","article-title":"Energy Efficient Localization Algorithm With Improved Accuracy in Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"21","author":"Saeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magowe, K., and Kandeepan, S. (2014, January 15\u201317). Cooperative blind localization of primary user in a cognitive radio environment. Proceedings of the 2014 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS), Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCS.2014.7021127"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.012513.120966","article-title":"Cramer-Rao Bounds for Joint RSS\/DoA-Based Primary-User Localization in Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2013.032013.130052","article-title":"Stansfield Localization Algorithm: Theoretical Analysis and Distributed Implementation","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-107","article-title":"Cooperative DoA-only localization of primary users in cognitive radio networks","volume":"2013","author":"Penna","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buyukcorak, S., Kurt, G.K., and Yongacoglu, A. (2016, January 16\u201318). Received signal strength based localization in sectorized cellular networks. Proceedings of the 2016 23rd International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT.2016.7500461"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2013.6507393","article-title":"Cognitive femtocell networks: An opportunistic spectrum access for future indoor wireless coverage","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736752","article-title":"Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2006.887483","article-title":"On the Energy Detection of Unknown Signals Over Fading Channels","volume":"55","author":"Digham","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2004.839701","article-title":"CFAR strategies for channelized radiometer","volume":"12","author":"Lehtomaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2035\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:48:21Z","timestamp":1760186901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19092035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19092035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]}}}