{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:42:14Z","timestamp":1780468934954,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemical messengers which play an important role in many of the brain functions, abnormal levels being correlated with physical, psychotic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s, and Huntington\u2019s disease. Therefore, their sensitive and robust detection is of great clinical significance. Electrochemical methods have been intensively used in the last decades for neurotransmitter detection, outclassing more complicated analytical techniques such as conventional spectrophotometry, chromatography, fluorescence, flow injection, and capillary electrophoresis. In this manuscript, the most successful and promising electrochemical enzyme-free and enzymatic sensors for neurotransmitter detection are reviewed. Focusing on the activity of worldwide researchers mainly during the last ten years (2010\u20132019), without pretending to be exhaustive, we present an overview of the progress made in sensing strategies during this time. Particular emphasis is placed on nanostructured-based sensors, which show a substantial improvement of the analytical performances. This review also examines the progress made in biosensors for neurotransmitter measurements in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T03:15:22Z","timestamp":1556766922000},"page":"2037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Latest Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Tavakolian-Ardakani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Hosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4158-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Cristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mazloum-Ardakani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2465-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Marrazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy"},{"name":"Instituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Unit of Florence, Viale delle Medaglie d\u2019Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/11250005009439097","article-title":"Elenco delle Cocciniglie osservate in Sicilia","volume":"17","author":"Costantino","year":"1950","journal-title":"Bolletino di Zool."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1139056","article-title":"Separation of fine particles using rotating tube with alternate flow","volume":"57","author":"Aoki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.11.069","article-title":"Conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for neurotransmitters: A review","volume":"102","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.09.002","article-title":"Clinical implications and electrochemical biosensing of monoamine neurotransmitters in body fluids, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models","volume":"121","author":"Baranwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-071114-040426","article-title":"Electrochemical Analysis of Neurotransmitters","volume":"8","author":"Bucher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.09.001","article-title":"Applications of conducting polymer composites to electrochemical sensors: A review","volume":"9","author":"Naveen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2009.09.029","article-title":"Conducting polymer nanostructures and their application in biosensors","volume":"341","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.06.047","article-title":"An electrochemical sensor for detection of neurotransmitter-acetylcholine using metal nanoparticles, 2D material and conducting polymer modified electrode","volume":"89","author":"Chauhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvolini, G., B\u0103jan, I., Hosu, O., Cristea, C., S\u0103ndulescu, R., and Marrazza, G. (2018). DNA-based sensor for the detection of an organophosphorus pesticide: Profenofos. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072035"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.030","article-title":"Bio-inspired fish robot based on chemical sensors","volume":"239","author":"Ravalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.08.026","article-title":"Acetamiprid multidetection by disposable electrochemical DNA aptasensor","volume":"161","author":"Rapini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2011.03.053","article-title":"Formation of novel polymeric films derived from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid","volume":"129","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2012.01.001","article-title":"Molecular modeling study on the possible polymers formed during the electropolymerization of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid","volume":"34","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph. Model."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.04.025","article-title":"Poly-xanthurenic acid modified electrodes: An amperometric sensor for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic and uric acids","volume":"168","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2009.10.008","article-title":"A selective voltammetric detection for dopamine using poly (gallic acid) film modified electrode","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2005.05.002","article-title":"Electrogeneration and characterization of photoactivable films and their application for enzyme grafting","volume":"7","author":"Herzog","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2017.05.002","article-title":"Nanostructured photoactivatable electrode surface based on pyrene diazirine","volume":"80","author":"Hosu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.02.142","article-title":"Nanostructured electropolymerized poly(methylene blue) films from deep eutectic solvents. Optimization and characterization","volume":"232","author":"Hosu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201100324","article-title":"Methylene Blue\/Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrode for the Amperometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"23","author":"Bertotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2420-z","article-title":"Nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes and redox-active polymers synthesized in a deep eutectic solvent as a new electrochemical sensing platform","volume":"184","author":"Hosu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.02.059","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on redox polymer\/carbon nanotube modified electrodes: A review","volume":"881","author":"Barsan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200108)56:2<261::AID-JBM1094>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Surface modification of neural recording electrodes with conducting polymer\/biomolecule blends","volume":"56","author":"Cui","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.08.029","article-title":"Highly selective dopamine electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically pretreated graphite and nafion composite modified screen printed carbon electrode","volume":"411","author":"Ku","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2013.10.007","article-title":"Sensitive and selective dopamine determination in human serum with inkjet printed Nafion\/MWCNT chips","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.07.060","article-title":"Modified fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode with inorganic ruthenium red dye-multiwalled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous determination of a dopamine, uric acid, and tryptophan","volume":"204","author":"Noroozifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2013.02.004","article-title":"Strategies for enhancing the analytical performance of nanomaterial-based sensors","volume":"47","author":"Justino","year":"2013","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201400583","article-title":"A Novel Label-Free Immunosensor Based on Activated Graphene Oxide for Acetaminophen Detection","volume":"27","author":"Hosu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.05.044","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials for acetaminophen detection: A review","volume":"886","author":"Cernat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.02.078","article-title":"Determination of some neurotransmitters at cyclodextrin\/ionic liquid crystal\/graphene composite electrode","volume":"199","author":"Atta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.03.028","article-title":"Hyphenation of enzyme\/graphene oxide-ionic liquid\/glassy carbon biosensors with anodic differential pulse stripping voltammetry for reliable determination of choline and acetylcholine in human serum","volume":"200","author":"Albishri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.11.038","article-title":"Stretched graphene tented by polycaprolactone and polypyrrole net\u2013bracket for neurotransmitter detection","volume":"396","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.12.043","article-title":"Electroanalysis of neurotransmitters via 3D gold nanoparticles and a graphene composite coupled with a microdialysis device","volume":"834","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.07.048","article-title":"Multi mimetic Graphene Palladium nanocomposite based colorimetric paper sensor for the detection of neurotransmitters","volume":"273","author":"Ragavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2019.01.007","article-title":"Interactions of graphene derivatives with glutamate-neurotransmitter: A parallel first principles\u2014Docking investigation","volume":"88","author":"Tonel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph. Model."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2018.09.014","article-title":"Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels for electrochemical detection of dopamine","volume":"86","author":"Ai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.03.043","article-title":"Advanced biomedical applications of carbon nanotube","volume":"100","author":"Raphey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-013-1028-1","article-title":"Dopamine sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a reduced graphene oxide and palladium nanoparticles composite","volume":"180","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.12.015","article-title":"Characterization of an ultrasensitive biosensor based on a nano-Au\/DNA\/nano-Au\/poly(SFR) composite and its application in the simultaneous determination of dopamine, uric acid, guanine, and adenine","volume":"178","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez, J.L., Hagen, J.A., and Kelley-Loughnane, N. (2017). Fast and selective plasmonic serotonin detection with Aptamer-gold nanoparticle conjugates. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040681"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40298","article-title":"Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters for Selective Detection of Dopamine in Cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"7","author":"Govindaraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6899","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ01049G","article-title":"A polyaniline-zeolite nanocomposite material based acetylcholinesterase biosensor for the sensitive detection of acetylcholine and organophosphates","volume":"39","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA25639B","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of serotonin based on a poly(bromocresol green) film and Fe3O4nanoparticles in a chitosan matrix","volume":"7","author":"Ran","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5658","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401608","article-title":"Detection of glutamate and acetylcholine with organic electrochemical transistors based on conducting polymer\/platinum nanoparticle composites","volume":"26","author":"Kergoat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2018.09.007","article-title":"Boron-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes as sensing material for analysis of dopamine and epinephrine in presence of uric acid","volume":"710","author":"Tsierkezos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, B., and Song, E. (2018). Recent Advances in the Detection of Neurotransmitters. Chemosensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors6010001"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.12.085","article-title":"Low-cost screen-printed electrodes based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-carbon black nanocomposites for dopamine, epinephrine and paracetamol detection","volume":"515","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-013-1015-6","article-title":"Carbon nanomaterial based electrochemical sensors for biogenic amines","volume":"180","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.11.100","article-title":"Unsupported platinum nanoparticles as effective sensors of neurotransmitters and possible drug curriers","volume":"435","author":"Gralec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.08.035","article-title":"Au-nanoclusters incorporated 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole film modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and nitrite","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.02.052","article-title":"Overview and recent advances in electrochemical sensing of glutathione\u2014A review","volume":"1062","author":"Hanko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shadlaghani, A., Farzaneh, M., Kinser, D., and Reid, R.C. (2019). Direct Electrochemical Detection of Glutamate, Acetylcholine, Choline, and Adenosine Using Non-Enzymatic Electrodes. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030447"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4960","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15602k","article-title":"A sensitive choline biosensor using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as peroxidase mimics","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.1021\/jp412613g","article-title":"Selective detection of dopamine combining multilayers of conducting polymers with gold nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Fabregat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1021\/cm4022003","article-title":"The rise of organic bioelectronics","volume":"26","author":"Rivnay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.01.037","article-title":"CTAB functionalized graphene oxide\/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and nitrite","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.02.061","article-title":"Role of conducting polymer and metal oxide-based hybrids for applications in ampereometric sensors and biosensors","volume":"147","author":"Dakshayini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.02.027","article-title":"Selective voltammetric determination of electroactive neuromodulating species in biological samples using iron(II) phthalocyanine modified multi-wall carbon nanotubes paste electrode","volume":"156","author":"Patrascu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-013-1098-0","article-title":"Advances in enzyme-free electrochemical sensors for hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and uric acid","volume":"181","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, T.N., Vusa, C.S.R., and Alwarappan, S. (2014). Selective and efficient electrochemical biosensing of ultrathin molybdenum disulfide sheets. Nanotechnology, 25.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/33\/335702"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.1007S","article-title":"Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter in the Brain: Review of Physiology and Pathology","volume":"130","author":"Meldrum","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.11.007","article-title":"The role of glutamate in central nervous system health and disease\u2014A review","volume":"173","author":"Platt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn916","article-title":"Beyond the role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter","volume":"3","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"424","article-title":"Invariant Mantling of Growth Cones by Schwann Cell Precursors Characterize Growing Peripheral Nerve Fronts","volume":"438","author":"Jessen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.11.056","article-title":"Transplantation of Alloplastic Submandibular Glands as Not Clinically Applicable Treatment for Xerostomia","volume":"65","author":"Baurmash","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2261","article-title":"Disruptions in the Regulation of Extracellular Glutamate by Neurons and Glia in the Rat Striatum Two Days after Diffuse Brain Injury","volume":"29","author":"Hinzman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO01005E","article-title":"Xanthohumol-induced presynaptic reduction of glutamate release in the rat hippocampus","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18477","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03646A","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of glutamate uptake in primary astrocytes exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.07.024","article-title":"Disposable sensor based on enzyme-free Ni nanowire array electrode to detect glutamate","volume":"40","author":"Jamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.022","article-title":"l-cysteine capped ZnS:Mn quantum dots for room-temperature detection of dopamine with high sensitivity and selectivity","volume":"87","author":"Thapa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.037","article-title":"Morphology-controlled synthesis of Bi2S3 nanorods-reduced graphene oxide composites with high-performance for electrochemical detection of dopamine","volume":"257","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.11.038","article-title":"Catalytic activity of biomimetic model of cytochrome P450 in oxidation of dopamine","volume":"179","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.06.022","article-title":"Fabrication of 3D honeycomb-like porous polyurethane-functionalized reduced graphene oxide for detection of dopamine","volume":"86","author":"Vilian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.10.094","article-title":"Physiological level and selective electrochemical sensing of dopamine by a solution processable graphene and its enhanced sensing property in general","volume":"256","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2016.04.018","article-title":"Preparation of copper (I) oxide nanohexagon decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite and its application in electrochemical sensing of dopamine","volume":"210","author":"Sivasubramanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.08.038","article-title":"Hierarchical and hybrid RGO\/ZIF-8 nanocomposite as electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive determination of dopamine","volume":"801","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.11.035","article-title":"Facile fabrication of hierarchical nanoporous AuAg alloy and its highly sensitive detection towards dopamine and uric acid","volume":"225","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.04.032","article-title":"An electrochemical sensor for selective detection of dopamine based on nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene nanocomposites","volume":"779","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2017.04.014","article-title":"Electropolymerization of ferulic acid on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode as a versatile platform for NADH, dopamine and epinephrine separate detection","volume":"133","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1039\/c4an00229f","article-title":"Simultaneous voltammetric determination of dopamine and epinephrine in human body fluid samples using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes within a dihexadecylphosphate film","volume":"139","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.03.074","article-title":"A highly sensitive and stable electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection towards ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid based on the hierarchical nanoporous PtTi alloy","volume":"82","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.12.028","article-title":"Fabrication of a graphene oxide nano-sheet modified electrode for determination of dopamine in the presence of tyrosine: A multivariate optimization strategy","volume":"215","author":"Ghoreishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.11.026","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, tryptophan, and nitrite on a novel carbon electrode","volume":"783","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.08.034","article-title":"Electrochemical preparation of nickel and copper oxides-decorated graphene composite for simultaneous determination of dopamine, acetaminophen and tryptophan","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.083","article-title":"Graphene\/conducting polymer nano-composite loaded screen printed carbon sensor for simultaneous determination of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine","volume":"239","author":"Raj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.05.034","article-title":"Graphene nanoplatelets like structures formed on ionic liquid modified carbon-ceramic electrode: As a sensing platform for simultaneous determination of dopamine and acetaminophen","volume":"220","author":"Majidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.02.139","article-title":"Water based homogenous carbon ink modified electrode as an efficient sensor system for simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid","volume":"233","author":"Dinesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.05.005","article-title":"Determination of epinephrine in urine using multi-walled carbon nanotube modified with cobalt phthalocyanine in a paraffin composite electrode","volume":"148","author":"Moraes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.01.029","article-title":"Epinephrine electrochemical sensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with hydroquinone derivative and graphene oxide nano-sheets: Simultaneous determination of epinephrine, acetaminophen and dopamine","volume":"101","author":"Tezerjani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.10.041","article-title":"Nanogold based electrochemical sensor for determination of norepinephrine in biological fluids","volume":"153","author":"Goyal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32429","article-title":"Continuous and selective measurement of oxytocin and vasopressin using boron-doped diamond electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Asai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.04.027","article-title":"PEDOT-reduced graphene oxide-silver hybrid nanocomposite modified transducer for the detection of serotonin","volume":"794","author":"Sadanandhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.05.014","article-title":"A novel sensitive sensor for serotonin based on high-quality of AuAg nanoalloy encapsulated graphene electrocatalyst","volume":"96","author":"Thanh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.03.063","article-title":"Determination of tryptamine in foods using square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry","volume":"154","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201600539","article-title":"Detection of Dopamine by a Biomimetic Electrochemical Sensor Based on Polythioaniline-Bridged Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"82","author":"Florea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chempluschem"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2018.11.010","article-title":"A facile preparation of Au\u2014SiO2 nanocomposite for simultaneous electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid","volume":"14","author":"Immanuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.01.040","article-title":"An electrochemical ratiometric sensor based on 2D MOF nanosheet\/Au\/polyxanthurenic acid composite for detection of dopamine","volume":"835","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.10.018","article-title":"An electrochemical biosensor for sensitive detection of nicotine-induced dopamine secreted by PC12 cells","volume":"832","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.10.019","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of epinephrine and acetaminophen concentrations using a novel carbon paste electrode prepared with 2,2\u2032-[1,2 butanediylbis(nitriloethylidyne)]-bis-hydroquinone and TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"76","author":"Beitollahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(98)00145-9","article-title":"Electrochemical monitoring of biogenic amine neurotransmission in real time","volume":"19","author":"Michael","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.09.014","article-title":"A highly sensitive nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor for electrocatalytic determination of norepinephrine in the presence of acetaminophen and tryptophan","volume":"26","author":"Beitollahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.156","article-title":"Ultrasensitive in-vitro monitoring of monoamine neurotransmitters from dopaminergic cells","volume":"259","author":"Emran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03701","article-title":"Oxytocin increases trust in humans","volume":"435","author":"Kosfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/1025389021000037586","article-title":"Oxytocin links mothering received, mothering bestowed and adult stress responses","volume":"5","author":"Pedersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.05.004","article-title":"Oxytocin has dose-dependent developmental effects on pair-bonding and alloparental care in female prairie voles","volume":"52","author":"Bales","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2016.12.015","article-title":"Highly selective electrochemical detection of serotonin on polypyrrole and gold nanoparticles-based 3D architecture","volume":"75","author":"Cernat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.02.020","article-title":"Salivary biomarkers detection: Analytical and immunological methods overview","volume":"113","author":"Gug","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, L. (2005). Carrier-Bound Immobilized Enzymes, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527607668"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018","article-title":"Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques","volume":"40","author":"Mateo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.09.003","article-title":"Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors","volume":"30","author":"Sassolas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-550-7_2","article-title":"Immobilization of enzymes: A literature survey","volume":"Volume 1051","author":"Guisan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-004-0273-8","article-title":"Progress in enzyme-based biosensors using optical transducers","volume":"148","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.10.018","article-title":"Recent advances in cholesterol biosensor","volume":"23","author":"Arya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioeng.2006.01.001","article-title":"Twenty years research in cholinesterase biosensors: From basic research to practical applications","volume":"23","author":"Andreescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2780-2","article-title":"New electrochemiluminescent biosensors combining polyluminol and an enzymatic matrix","volume":"394","author":"Sassolas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2005.11.016","article-title":"Development of electrochemical biosensor based on tyrosinase immobilized in composite biopolymeric film","volume":"349","author":"Tembe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0680-2","article-title":"Optical biochemical sensor for determining hydroperoxides in nonpolar organic liquids as archetype for sensors consisting of amphiphilic conetworks as immobilisation matrices","volume":"386","author":"Hanko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"299","article-title":"Application of Genetically Engineered Acetylcholinesterases in Screen-Printed Amperometric Biosensor for Detection of Organophosphorus Insecticides","volume":"20","author":"Galezowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2290-7","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase-based biosensors for quantification of carbofuran, carbaryl, methylparaoxon, and dichlorvos in 5% acetonitrile","volume":"392","author":"Cortina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.12.025","article-title":"Entrapment of biomolecules in sol-gel matrix for applications in biosensors: Problems and future prospects","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2006.09.029","article-title":"Optical sensors and biosensors based on sol-gel films","volume":"72","year":"2007","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-007-0179-5","article-title":"Enzymatic detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution from vegetable wastes by immobilizing pumpkin (Cucumis melo) urease in calcium alginate beads","volume":"13","author":"Prakash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200804340","article-title":"Carbon paste electrodes in facts, numbers, and notes: A review on the occasion of the 50-years jubilee of carbon paste in electrochemistry and electroanalysis","volume":"21","author":"Kalcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.05.029","article-title":"Immobilization of enzymes on clay minerals for biocatalysts and biosensors","volume":"114","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3274-y","article-title":"Biosensing applications of clay-modified electrodes: A review","volume":"396","author":"Mousty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10426","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b02708","article-title":"Preparation of a Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Film by Using the Langmuir-Blodgett Method","volume":"31","author":"Jaafar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.12.002","article-title":"Biosensors and their applications\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2009.09.007","article-title":"Do copper ions activate tyrosinase enzyme? A biosensor model for the solution","volume":"78","author":"Akyilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2017.03.009","article-title":"Optimization of enzyme immobilization on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for laccase biocatalytic reactions","volume":"117","author":"Fortes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(16)62528-7","article-title":"Recent advances in immobilized enzymes on nanocarriers","volume":"37","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cuihua Xuebao\/Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcat.2017.09.006","article-title":"Immobilization of cellulase enzyme onto magnetic nanoparticles: Applications and recent advances","volume":"442","author":"Khoshnevisan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Catal."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2015.09.007","article-title":"Biocompatible cellulose nanocrystals as supports to immobilize lipase","volume":"122","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(15)61045-2","article-title":"A magnetic biocatalyst based on mussel-inspired polydopamine and its acylation of dihydromyricetin","volume":"37","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cuihua Xuebao\/Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, S., Huang, Y., Li, X., Xu, P., Wu, H., Li, N., and Lou, W. (2016). Preparation and Characterization of Immobilized Lipase from Pseudomonas Cepacia onto Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystals. Nat. Publ. Gr., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20420"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2014.06.016","article-title":"Sensors and biosensors based on magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.09.001","article-title":"Low potential detection of glutamate based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at thionine\/single-walled carbon nanotubes composite modified electrode","volume":"24","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.11.020","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective glutamate microbiosensor based on cast polyurethane\/AC-electrophoresis deposited multiwalled carbon nanotubes and then glutamate oxidase\/electrosynthesized polypyrrole\/Pt electrode","volume":"25","author":"Ammam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.04.048","article-title":"A microelectrode biosensor for real time monitoring of l-glutamate release","volume":"645","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.04.066","article-title":"Development of a novel reagentless, screen-printed amperometric biosensor based on glutamate dehydrogenase and NAD+, integrated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of glutamate in food and clinical applications","volume":"216","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.07.003","article-title":"Detection of Ca2+-induced acetylcholine released from leukemic T-cells using an amperometric microfluidic sensor","volume":"98","author":"Akhtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.08.104","article-title":"Towards timely Alzheimer diagnosis: A self-powered amperometric biosensor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine","volume":"87","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.12.041","article-title":"Fabrication of an amperometric acetylcholine esterase-choline oxidase biosensor based on MWCNTs-Fe3O4NPs-CS nanocomposite for determination of acetylcholine","volume":"785","author":"Bolat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.05.072","article-title":"Development of a square wave voltammetric method for dopamine determination using a biosensor based on multiwall carbon nanotubes paste and crude extract of Cucurbita pepo L.","volume":"185","author":"Tarley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.11.061","article-title":"Dopamine biosensor based on surface functionalized nanostructured nickel oxide platform","volume":"84","author":"Roychoudhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.07.124","article-title":"Design of a reduced-graphene-oxide composite electrode from an electropolymerizable graphene aqueous dispersion using a cyclodextrin-pyrrole monomer. Application to dopamine biosensing","volume":"178","author":"Fritea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2010.12.001","article-title":"On-line microdialysis system with poly(amidoamine)-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles biosensor for glutamate sensing in vivo","volume":"81","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.10.002","article-title":"Mediator-less highly sensitive voltammetric detection of glutamate using glutamate dehydrogenase\/vertically aligned CNTs grown on silicon substrate","volume":"31","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.10.061","article-title":"Electrochemically deposited iridium oxide reference electrode integrated with an electroenzymatic glutamate sensor on a multi-electrode array microprobe","volume":"42","author":"Tolosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.08.054","article-title":"Glutamate oxidase biosensor based on mixed ceria and titania nanoparticles for the detection of glutamate in hypoxic environments","volume":"52","author":"Ispas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.05.057","article-title":"Glutamate microbiosensors based on Prussian Blue modified carbon fiber electrodes for neuroscience applications: In-vitro characterization","volume":"235","author":"Salazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2015.10.012","article-title":"l-Glutamate biosensor based on l-glutamate oxidase immobilized onto ZnO nanorods\/polypyrrole modified pencil graphite electrode","volume":"105","author":"Batra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2007.06.001","article-title":"Development of an interference-free biosensor for l-glutamate using a bienzyme salicylate hydroxylase\/l-glutamate dehydrogenase system","volume":"41","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.04.033","article-title":"Development of an l-glutamate biosensor using the coimmobilization of l-glutamate dehydrogenase and p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase on a Clark-type electrode","volume":"127","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.07.071","article-title":"Disposable biosensor based on immobilisation of glutamate oxidase on Pt nanoparticles modified Au nanowire array electrode","volume":"26","author":"Jamal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6911-1_1","article-title":"A reagentless, screen-printed amperometric biosensor for the determination of glutamate in food and clinical applications","volume":"1572","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.03.063","article-title":"An amperometric glutamate biosensor based on immobilization of glutamate oxidase onto carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes\/gold nanoparticles\/chitosan composite film modified Au electrode","volume":"47","author":"Batra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.09.005","article-title":"Immobilization of Ni-Pd\/core-shell nanoparticles through thermal polymerization of acrylamide on glassy carbon electrode for highly stable and sensitive glutamate detection","volume":"896","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2014.02.001","article-title":"Construction of glutamate biosensor based on covalent immobilization of glutmate oxidase on polypyrrole nanoparticles\/polyaniline modified gold electrode","volume":"57","author":"Batra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.053","article-title":"Excellent storage stability and sensitive detection of neurotoxin quinolinic acid","volume":"90","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)17349-4","article-title":"ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE A Novel Reduced Graphene Oxide\/\u03b2-Cyclodextrin\/Tyrosinase Biosensor for Dopamine Detection","volume":"10","author":"Fritea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2927","article-title":"Nicotinic receptors: Allosteric transitions and therapeutic targets in the nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Taly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPYEOR6SGE8ZLU","article-title":"Detection of acetylcholine receptor modulating antibodies by flow cytometry","volume":"143","author":"Lozier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2014.00024","article-title":"Illuminating the role of cholinergic signaling in circuits of attention and emotionally salient behaviors","volume":"6","author":"Luchicchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"Colliver, T.L., and Ewing, A.G. (2006). Neurotransmitters, Electrochemical Detection of. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7493","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04449","article-title":"Microelectrode Arrays of Diamond-Insulated Graphitic Channels for Real-Time Detection of Exocytotic Events from Cultured Chromaffin Cells and Slices of Adrenal Glands","volume":"88","author":"Picollo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1021\/ac3000368","article-title":"Carbon-ring microelectrode arrays for electrochemical imaging of single cell exocytosis: Fabrication and characterization","volume":"84","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300460s","article-title":"Printed carbon microelectrodes for electrochemical detection of single vesicle release from PC12 cells","volume":"84","author":"Yakushenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.01.013","article-title":"Recent development in amperometric measurements of vesicular exocytosis","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.05.014","article-title":"Recent trends in analytical approaches for detecting neurotransmitters in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"105","author":"Sangubotla","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.08.050","article-title":"Broccoli-shaped biosensor hierarchy for electrochemical screening of noradrenaline in living cells","volume":"100","author":"Emran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"13","article-title":"FDG-PET imaging in mild traumatic brain injury: A critical review","volume":"6","author":"Byrnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroenergetics"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.05.084","article-title":"Enhanced dopamine detection sensitivity by PEDOT\/graphene oxide coating on in vivo carbon fiber electrodes","volume":"89","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00021","article-title":"Laser Treated Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Dopamine in Vivo","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00078","article-title":"Noradrenergic Modulation of Dopamine Transmission Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Locus Coeruleus in the Rat Brain","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.01.015","article-title":"An improved microbore UHPLC method with electrochemical detection for the simultaneous determination of low monoamine levels in in vivo brain microdialysis samples","volume":"127","author":"Viaene","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.051","article-title":"Facile fabrication of flexible glutamate biosensor using direct writing of platinum nanoparticle-based nanocomposite ink","volume":"131","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.03.035","article-title":"In situ detection of neurotransmitters and epileptiform electrophysiology activity in awake mice brains using a nanocomposites modified microelectrode array","volume":"288","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2018.01.009","article-title":"Simultaneous measurements of ascorbate and glutamate in vivo in the rat brain using carbon fiber nanocomposite sensors and microbiosensor arrays","volume":"121","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.08.034","article-title":"Tracking tonic dopamine levels in vivo using multiple cyclic square wave voltammetry","volume":"121","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.11.110","article-title":"Development of a microelectrochemical biosensor for the real-time detection of choline","volume":"243","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN02027H","article-title":"A microelectrochemical biosensor for real-time in vivo monitoring of brain extracellular choline","volume":"140","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.003","article-title":"An electrochemical biosensor based on double molecular recognition for selective monitoring of cerebral dopamine dynamics at 4\u2009min interval","volume":"287","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.12.031","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor and biosensor platforms based on advanced nanomaterials for biological and biomedical applications","volume":"103","author":"Maduraiveeran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.03.015","article-title":"An amperometric glutamate biosensor for monitoring glutamate release from brain nerve terminals and in blood plasma","volume":"1022","author":"Borisova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.049","article-title":"Development of a novel micro biosensor for in vivo monitoring of glutamate release in the brain","volume":"130","author":"Ganesana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8568","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5003273","article-title":"Polyethylenimine carbon nanotube fiber electrodes for enhanced detection of neurotransmitters","volume":"86","author":"Zestos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/aa7546","article-title":"A microelectrode array electrodeposited with reduced graphene oxide and Pt nanoparticles for norepinephrine and electrophysiological recordings","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2037\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:48:22Z","timestamp":1760186902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19092037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19092037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]}}}