{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:15:41Z","timestamp":1760188541749,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]],"date-time":"2019-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY19F020039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY19F020039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61401128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61401128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely deployed to monitor valuable objects. In these applications, the sensor node senses the existence of objects and transmitting data packets to the sink node (SN) in a multi hop fashion. The SN is a powerful node with high performance and is used to collect all the information sensed by the sensor nodes. Due to the open nature of the wireless medium, it is easy for an adversary to trace back along the routing path of the packets and get the location of the source node. Once adversaries have got the source node location, they can capture the monitored targets. Thus, it is important to protect the source node location privacy in WSNs. Many methods have been proposed to deal with this source location privacy protection problem, and most of them provide routing path diversity by using phantom node (PN) which is a fake source node used to entice the adversaries away from the actual source node. But in the existing schemes, the PN is determined by the source node via flooding, which not only consumes a lot of communication overhead, but also shortens the safety period of the source node. In view of the above problems, we propose two new grid-based source location privacy protection schemes in WSNs called grid-based single phantom node source location privacy protection scheme (SPS) and grid-based dual phantom node source location privacy protection scheme (DPS) in this paper. Different from the idea of determining the phantom node by the source node in the existing schemes, we propose to use powerful sink node to help the source node to determine the phantom node candidate set (PNCS), from which the source node randomly selects a phantom node acting as a fake source node. We evaluate our schemes through theoretical analysis and experiments. Experimental results show that compared with other schemes, our proposed schemes are more efficient and achieves higher security, as well as keeping lower total energy consumption. Our proposed schemes can protect the location privacy of the source node even in resource-constrained wireless network environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T11:22:35Z","timestamp":1557400955000},"page":"2074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["SPS and DPS: Two New Grid-Based Source Location Privacy Protection Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yizhi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1179-6","article-title":"Sink Location Privacy Protection under Direction Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2016.08.022","article-title":"A Privacy Protection Strategy for Source Location in WSN Based on Angle and Dynamical Adjustment of Node Emission Radius","volume":"26","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mutalemwa, L.C., and Shin, S. (2017, January 21\u201323). A New Diversional Routing Scheme to Preserve Source Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Next Generation Computing (ICNGC2017b), Kaohsiung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Lightfoot, L., and Ren, J. (2009, January 7\u20139). Routing-based Source-Location Privacy Protection in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electro\/Information Technology, Windsor, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIT.2009.5189579"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirton, J., Bradbury, M.S., and Jhumka, A. (2017, January 5\u20138). Source Location Privacy-Aware Data Aggregation Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.171"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ozturk, C., Zhang, Y., Trappe, W., and Ott, M. (2004, January 12). Source-Location Privacy for Networks of Energy-Constrained Sensors. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Software Technologies for Future Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kamat, P., Zhang, Y., Trappe, W., and Ozturk, C. (2005, January 6\u201310). Enhancing Source-Location Privacy in Sensor Network Routing. Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS\u201905), Columbus, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072291","article-title":"Strategic Location-Based Random Routing for Source Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"18","author":"Lilian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2019, March 03). WWWF\u2014The conservation organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.panda.org\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2009.02.002","article-title":"Privacy-Aware Routing in Sensor Networks","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Networks"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ouyang, Y., Le, Z., Chen, G., James, F., and Fillia, M. (2006, January 26\u201329). Entrapping Adversaries for Source Protection in Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2346813","article-title":"An anti-tracking source-location privacy protection protocol in WSNs based on path extension","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"244","article-title":"Redundancy Branch Combine Spiral Routing to Preserve Source Location Privacy for WSNs","volume":"36","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chin. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, P., Singh, J.P., and Kumar, P. (2016, January 23\u201325). An efficient privacy preserving protocol for source location privacy in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2016.7566305"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1405","article-title":"A Scheme to Protect the Source Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"81","article-title":"Source location privacy preservation routing protocol based on multi-path","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozturk, C., Zhang, Y., and Trappe, W. (2004, January 25\u201325). Source-location privacy in energy-constrained sensor network routing. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1029102.1029117"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1016.2010.01736","article-title":"A Source-Location Privacy Preservation Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Source-Based Restricted Flooding","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"311","article-title":"Beyond Adversary Trace Time Routing Approach for Preserving Source-location in WSNs","volume":"35","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chin. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"438","article-title":"An Improved Routing Algorithm for Source Location Privacy Protection in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"66","article-title":"Routing Protocol of Source-Location Privacy Protection based on Virtual Ring","volume":"37","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"100","article-title":"A Privacy Protection Method of Source Location in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chongqing Univ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.16","article-title":"ASCENT: Adaptive Self-Configuring Sensor Networks Topologies","volume":"3","author":"Cerpa","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2387113","article-title":"A Practical Supercapacitor Model for Power Management in Wireless Sensor Nodes","volume":"30","author":"Chai","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.10.008","article-title":"A survey on location privacy protection in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"125","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Networks Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2018.01.006","article-title":"Hybrid Online Protocols for Source Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"115","author":"Bradbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., and Estrin, D. (2000, January 6\u201311). Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks (MobiCOM), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345920"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Olasupo, T.O., and Otero, C.E. (2017). The Impacts of Node Orientation on Radio Propagation Models for Airborne-Deployed Sensor Networks in Large-Scale Tree Vegetation Terrains. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A Syst., 1\u201314."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2074\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:49:04Z","timestamp":1760186944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19092074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19092074","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]}}}