{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:15:38Z","timestamp":1760188538161,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain-inspired intelligence using the cognitive dynamic system (CDS) concept is proposed to control the quality-of-service (QoS) over a long-haul fiber-optic link that is nonlinear and with non-Gaussian channel noise. Digital techniques such as digital-back-propagation (DBP) assume that the fiber optic link parameters, such as loss, dispersion, and nonlinear coefficients, are known at the receiver. However, the proposed CDS does not need to know about the fiber optic link physical parameters, and it can improve the bit error rate (BER) or enhance the data rate based on information extracted from the fiber optic link. The information extraction (Bayesian statistical modeling) using intelligent perception processing on the received data, or using the previously extracted models in the model library, is carried out to estimate the transmitted data in the receiver. Then, the BER is sent to the executive through the main feedback channel and the executive produces actions on the physical system\/signal to ensure that the BER is continuously under the forward-error-correction (FEC) threshold. Therefore, the proposed CDS is an intelligent and adaptive system that can mitigate disturbance in the fiber optic link (especially in an optical network) using prediction in the perceptor and\/or doing proper actions in the executive based on BER and the internal reward. A simplified CDS was implemented for nonlinear fiber optic systems based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to show how the proposed CDS can bring noticeable improvement in the system\u2019s performance. As a result, enhancement of the data rate by 12.5% and the Q-factor improvement of 2.74 dB were achieved in comparison to the conventional system (i.e., the system without smart brain).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T03:57:07Z","timestamp":1557719827000},"page":"2175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Brain Inspired Dynamic System for the Quality of Service Control over the Long-Haul Nonlinear Fiber-Optic Link"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1458-7290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Naghshvarianjahromi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Jamal","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-015-0856-x","article-title":"Information and communications technologies for elderly ubiquitous healthcare in a smart home","volume":"19","author":"Deen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600682CM","article-title":"Smart home: Cognitive interactive people-centric Internet of Things","volume":"55","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, S., Mondal, T., and Deen, M.J. (2017). Wearable sensors for remote health monitoring. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010130"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2871084","article-title":"an incremental deep convolutional computation model for feature learning on industrial big data","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49088","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909828","article-title":"A novel cloud-based framework for the elderly healthcare services using digital twin","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Fuster, J.M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition, Oxford University."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haykin, S. (2012). Cognitive Dynamic Systems: Perception-Action Cycle, Radar, and Radio, Cambridge University.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511818363"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2193709","article-title":"cognitive dynamic systems: radar, control, and radio","volume":"100","author":"Haykin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1109\/3.663452","article-title":"A simplified approach to time-domain modeling of avalanche photodiodes","volume":"34","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2014.2332333","article-title":"Cognitive control: Theory and application","volume":"2","author":"Fatemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2009.2039464","article-title":"Capacity limits of optical fiber networks","volume":"28","author":"Essiambre","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S. (2011). Impact of Nonlinearities on Fiber Optic Communications, Springer. Chapter 13.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8139-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.4.000052","article-title":"Compensation for channel dispersion by nonlinear optical phase conjugation","volume":"4","author":"Yariv","year":"1979","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1109\/50.350616","article-title":"Generation of optical phase-conjugate waves and compensation for pulse shape distortion in a single-mode fiber","volume":"12","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.001038","article-title":"Optical backpropagation for fiber-optic communications using highly nonlinear fibers","volume":"36","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Kumar, S., Downie, J.D., Wood, W.A., and Hurley, J.E. (2018, January 2\u20135). Transmission performance of OFDM signals over 6000 km fiber optic links with digital back propagation. Proceedings of the Advanced Photonics 2018 (BGPP, IPR, NP, NOMA, Sensors, Networks, SPPCom, SOF), Zurich, Switzerland. paper SpM4G.2.","DOI":"10.1364\/SPPCOM.2018.SpM4G.2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28668","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.028668","article-title":"Ideal optical backpropagation of scalar NLSE using dispersion-decreasing fibers for WDM transmission","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2244880","article-title":"Optical backpropagation with optimal step size for fiber optic transmission systems","volume":"25","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2676128","article-title":"Compensating XPM Using a low-Bandwidth phase modulator","volume":"29","author":"Foo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.927791","article-title":"Compensation of dispersion and nonlinear impairments using digital backpropagation","volume":"26","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16124","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.016124","article-title":"Impact of XPM and FWM on the digital implementation of impairment compensation for WDM transmission using backward propagation","volume":"16","author":"Mateo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29733","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.029733","article-title":"Multistage perturbation theory for compensating intra-channel impairments in fiber optic systems","volume":"22","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14655","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.014655","article-title":"Correlated digital backpropagation based on perturbation theory","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1109\/50.219570","article-title":"Eigenvalue communication","volume":"11","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2014.2321143","article-title":"information transmission using the nonlinear Fourier transform, part I: Mathematical tools","volume":"60","author":"Yousefi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.004186","article-title":"Digital signal processing based on inverse scattering transform","volume":"38","author":"Turitsyna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1109\/50.643545","article-title":"Volterra series transfer function of single-mode fibers","volume":"15","author":"Peddanarappagari","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Schetzen, M. (1980). The Volterra and Wiener Theories of Nonlinear Systems, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15777","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.015777","article-title":"Phased-array cancellation of nonlinear FWM in coherent OFDM dispersive multi-span links","volume":"16","author":"Nazarathy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Napoli, A., Kuschnerov, M., Lin, C., Spinnler, B., Bohn, M., Rafique, D., Sleiffer, V.A., and Schmauss, B. (2014, January 9\u201313). Adaptive digital back-propagation for optical communication systems. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference OFC, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2785179","article-title":"Blind adaptive digital backpropagation for fiber nonlinearity compensation","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, G.P. (2012). Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397023-7.00011-5"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., and Deen, M.J. (2014). Fiber Optic Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118684207"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0253","article-title":"Reverse hierarchies and sensory learning","volume":"364","author":"Ahissar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanzo, L., Maunder, R.G., Wang, J., and Yang, L.L. (2011). Near-Capacity Variable-Length Coding: Regular and EXIT-Chart-Aided Irregular Designs, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470666425"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.001916","article-title":"Digital signal processing for fiber nonlinearities","volume":"25","author":"Cartledge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30433","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.030433","article-title":"Sparse identification for nonlinear optical communication systems: SINO method","volume":"24","author":"Sorokina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30296","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.030296","article-title":"Mitigation of nonlinear transmission effects for OFDM 16-QAM optical signal using adaptive modulation","volume":"24","author":"Skidin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2006.888541","article-title":"Information-theory analysis of skewed coding for suppression of pattern-dependent errors in digital communications","volume":"55","author":"Shafarenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2316732","article-title":"Staircase codes with 6% to 33% overhead","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.000841","article-title":"Coherent optical OFDM: theory and design","volume":"16","author":"Shieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deen, M.J., and Basu, P.K. (2012). Silicon Photonics: Fundamentals and Devices, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119945161"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Nalwa, H.S. (2001). Photodetectors for optical fiber communications. Photodetectors and Fiber Optics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizuochi, T., Miyata, Y., Kubo, K., Sugihara, T., Onohara, K., and Yoshida, H. (2011, January 6\u201310). Progress in soft-decision FEC. Proceedings of the 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/NFOEC.2011.NWC2"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, A., Schmidt, B., and Lowery, A.J. (2010, January 21\u201325). Efficient digital backpropagation for PDM-CO-OFDM optical transmission systems. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC\/NFOEC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OFC\/NFOEC, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2010.OTuE2"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.001547","article-title":"Per-symbol-based DBP approach for PDM-CO-OFDM transmission systems","volume":"21","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:50:52Z","timestamp":1760187052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19092175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19092175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]}}}