{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T04:04:29Z","timestamp":1772856269375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]],"date-time":"2019-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 104-2221-E-027-121, MOST-105-2221-E-027-103 and MOST 107-3113-E-008-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2221-E-027-121, MOST-105-2221-E-027-103 and MOST 107-3113-E-008-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The freeze-drying process removes water from a product through freezing, sublimation and desorption procedures. However, the extreme conditions of the freeze-drying environment, such as the limited space, vacuum and freezing temperatures of as much as \u221250 \u00b0C, may block the ability to use certain diagnostic sensors. In this paper, an ultrasonic transducer (UT) is integrated onto the bottom of a specially designed frozen bottle for the purpose of observing the freeze-drying process of water at varying amounts. The temperatures and visual observations made with a camera are then compared with the corresponding ultrasonic signatures. Among all of the diagnostic tools and technologies available, only ultrasonic and visual records are able to analyze the entire progression of the freeze-drying process of water. Compared with typical experiment settings, the indication of drying point for water by the amplitude variations of ultrasonic L3 echo could reduce the process period and energy consumption. This study demonstrates how an innovative frozen bottle, an integrated ultrasonic sensor and diagnostic methods used to measure and optimize the freeze-drying process of water can save energy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"2181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Innovative Ultrasonic Apparatus and Technology for Diagnosis of Freeze-Drying Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2010-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Chi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Hsiang","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tai Yiaeh Enterprise Co., Ltd., New Taipei City 23942, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2015.02.016","article-title":"State diagram for freeze-dried mango: Freezing curve, glass transition line and maximal-freeze-concentration condition","volume":"157","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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