{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:35:15Z","timestamp":1781004915030,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]],"date-time":"2019-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["266044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["266044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In objective physical activity (PA) measurements, applying wider frequency filters than the most commonly used ActiGraph (AG) filter may be beneficial when processing accelerometry data. However, the vulnerability of wider filters to noise has not been investigated previously. This study explored the effect of wider frequency filters on measurements of PA, sedentary behavior (SED), and capturing of noise. Apart from the standard AG band-pass filter (0.29\u20131.63 Hz), modified filters with low-pass component cutoffs at 4 Hz, 10 Hz, or removed were analyzed. Calibrations against energy expenditure were performed with lab data from children and adults to generate filter-specific intensity cut-points. Free-living accelerometer data from children and adults were processed using the different filters and intensity cut-points. There was a contribution of acceleration related to PA at frequencies up to 10 Hz. The contribution was more pronounced at moderate and vigorous PA levels, although additional acceleration also occurred at SED. The classification discrepancy between AG and the wider filters was small at SED (1\u20132%) but very large at the highest intensities (&gt;90%). The present study suggests an optimal low-pass frequency filter with a cutoff at 10 Hz to include all acceleration relevant to PA with minimal effect of noise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"2186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Effects of Frequency Filtering on Intensity and Noise in Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonatan","family":"Fridolfsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"B\u00f6rjesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital\/\u00d6stra, SE-416 50 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and epidemiology (BIPS), DE-283 59 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6rjan","family":"Ekblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5strand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Ekblom-Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5strand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Hunsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Lissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Arvidsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181fdfc32","article-title":"Self-reported and objectively measured activity related to biomarkers using NHANES","volume":"43","author":"Atienza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093546","article-title":"Evolution of accelerometer methods for physical activity research","volume":"48","author":"Troiano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doherty, A., Jackson, D., Hammerla, N., Pl\u00f6tz, T., Olivier, P., Granat, M.H., White, T., van Hees, V.T., Trenell, M.I., and Owen, C.G. (2017). Large scale population assessment of physical activity using wrist worn accelerometers: The UK biobank study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0716-0","article-title":"Accelerometer data collection and processing criteria to assess physical activity and other outcomes: A systematic review and practical considerations","volume":"47","author":"Migueles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000661","article-title":"Utilization and harmonization of adult accelerometry data: Review and expert consensus","volume":"47","author":"Wijndaele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001344","article-title":"Generating actigraph counts from raw acceleration recorded by an alternative monitor","volume":"49","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/2\/219","article-title":"Biomechanical examination of the \u2018plateau phenomenon\u2019 in actigraph vertical activity counts","volume":"33","author":"John","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199804000-00023","article-title":"Validity of the computer science and applications (CSA) activity monitor in children","volume":"30","author":"Trost","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00021","article-title":"Calibration of the computer science and applications, Inc. accelerometer","volume":"30","author":"Freedson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000289","article-title":"Age group comparability of raw accelerometer output from wrist- and hip-worn monitors","volume":"46","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fridolfsson, J., B\u00f6rjesson, M., Arvidsson, D., Fridolfsson, J., B\u00f6rjesson, M., and Arvidsson, D. (2018). A biomechanical re-examination of physical activity measurement with accelerometers. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103399"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.927bm.x","article-title":"The mechanics of running in children","volume":"509","author":"Schepens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00793","article-title":"Mechanical work and muscular efficiency in walking children","volume":"207","author":"Schepens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"21","article-title":"Assessment of energy expenditure for physical activity using a triaxial accelerometer","volume":"23","author":"Bouten","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12127","article-title":"A universal, accurate intensity-based classification of different physical activities using raw data of accelerometer","volume":"35","author":"Vasankari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Hees, V.T., Gorzelniak, L., Leon, E.C.D., Eder, M., Pias, M., Taherian, S., Ekelund, U., Renstr\u00f6m, F., Franks, P.W., and Horsch, A. (2013). Separating movement and gravity components in an acceleration signal and implications for the assessment of human daily physical activity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061691"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Olsson, S.J.G. (2016). Studies of Physical Activity in the Swedish Population. [Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Cohort profile: The transition from childhood to adolescence in European children\u2013how I.Family extends the IDEFICS cohort","volume":"46","author":"Ahrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.02.009","article-title":"Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: A systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Compher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kamronn, S. (2018, November 01). Actigraph_gt3x_extract. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/simonkamronn\/actigraph_gt3x_extract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02NT02","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aaa74d","article-title":"Prediction of sustained harmonic walking in the free-living environment using raw accelerometry data","volume":"39","author":"Urbanek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3414\/ME15-05-0013","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for harmonizing research methodology: Raw accelerometry","volume":"55","author":"Wolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200519","article-title":"Fully proportional actigraphy: A new instrument","volume":"28","author":"Tryon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2018). 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.08.001","article-title":"Associations of volumes and patterns of physical activity with metabolic health in children: A multivariate pattern analysis approach","volume":"115","author":"Aadland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0063-8","article-title":"Total volume versus bouts: Prospective relationship of physical activity and sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk in children","volume":"42","author":"Chinapaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318206476e","article-title":"Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth","volume":"43","author":"Trost","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000209","article-title":"Prediction of energy expenditure and physical activity in preschoolers","volume":"46","author":"Butte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600908027","article-title":"Decision boundaries and receiver operating characteristic curves: New methods for determining accelerometer cutpoints","volume":"25","author":"Jago","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurray, R.G., Butte, N.F., Crouter, S.E., Trost, S.G., Pfeiffer, K.A., Bassett, D.R., Puyau, M.R., Berrigan, D., Watson, K.B., and Fulton, J.E. (2015). Exploring metrics to express energy expenditure of physical activity in youth. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130869"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/10\/1757","article-title":"Automatic car driving detection using raw accelerometry data","volume":"37","author":"Urbanek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0707-z","article-title":"The multivariate physical activity signature associated with metabolic health in children","volume":"15","author":"Aadland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1527198","article-title":"Comparing physical activity estimates in children from hip-worn Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers using raw and counts based processing methods","volume":"37","author":"Buchan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001797","article-title":"Accelerometer data processing and energy expenditure estimation in preschoolers","volume":"51","author":"Migueles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2186\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:51:07Z","timestamp":1760187067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19092186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19092186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]]}}}