{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:42:27Z","timestamp":1771555347636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]],"date-time":"2019-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03V0826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03V0826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZN 3061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZN 3061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC 2122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we present a simple and intuitive approach to create a handheld optoacoustic setup for near field measurements. A single piezoelectric transducer glued in between two sheets of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) facilitates nearfield depth profiling of layered media. The detector electrodes are made of indium tin oxide (ITO) which is both electrically conducting as well as optically transparent, enabling an on-axis illumination through the detector. By mapping the active detector area, we show that it matches the design form precisely. We also present a straightforward approach to determine the instrument response function, which allows to obtain the original pressure profile arriving at the detector. To demonstrate the validity of this approach, the measurement on a simple test sample is deconvolved with the instrument response function and compared to simulation results. Except for the sputter instrumentation, all required materials and instruments as well as the tools needed to create such a setup are available to standard scientific laboratories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"2195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Single Transparent Piezoelectric Detector for Optoacoustic Sensing\u2014Design and Signal Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Elias","family":"Blumenr\u00f6ther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Stra\u00dfe 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Melchert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Kanngie\u00dfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Stra\u00dfe 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7024-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Wollweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Stra\u00dfe 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Hollerithallee 8, 30419 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9389-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Stra\u00dfe 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1364\/OPN.19.7.000036","article-title":"Photoacoustic Tomography and Microscopy","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Photonics News"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1483","article-title":"Going deeper than microscopy: The optical imaging frontier in biology","volume":"7","author":"Ntziachristos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12121","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12121","article-title":"Eigenspectra optoacoustic tomography achieves quantitative blood oxygenation imaging deep in tissues","volume":"7","author":"Tzoumas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.004731","article-title":"Handheld photoacoustic microscopy to detect melanoma depth in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024035","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1891443","article-title":"Diffraction-free acoustic detection for optoacoustic depth profiling of tissue using an optically transparent polyvinylidene fluoride pressure transducer operated in backward and forward mode","volume":"10","author":"Jaeger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04496","article-title":"A transparent broadband ultrasonic detector based on an optical micro-ring resonator for photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.002202","article-title":"Multimodal photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography scanner using an all optical detection scheme for 3D morphological skin imaging","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2005.05.005","article-title":"Transparent ITO coated PVDF transducer for optoacoustic depth profiling","volume":"253","author":"Niederhauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.96.033308","article-title":"Effective one-dimensional approach to the source reconstruction problem of three-dimensional inverse optoacoustics","volume":"96","author":"Stritzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e2017-80578-6","article-title":"Numerical prediction and measurement of optoacoustic signals generated in PVA-H tissue phantoms","volume":"72","author":"Melchert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. D"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201700288","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201700288","article-title":"Trimodal system for in vivo skin cancer screening with combined optical coherence tomography-Raman and colocalized optoacoustic measurements","volume":"11","author":"Varkentin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2016.10.002","article-title":"Detection, numerical simulation and approximate inversion of optoacoustic signals generated in multi-layered PVA hydrogel based tissue phantoms","volume":"4","author":"Blumenrother","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2019, May 08). Omelchert\/LEPM-1DFD. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/omelchert\/LEPM-1DFD."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25025","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aaa51a","article-title":"An efficient procedure for custom beam-profile convolution in polar coordinates: Testing, benchmarking and application to biophotonics","volume":"4","author":"Melchert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2018.10.004","article-title":"Optoacoustic inversion via convolution kernel reconstruction in the paraxial approximation and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Melchert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201600139","article-title":"Comparative study of presurgical skin infiltration depth measurements of melanocytic lesions with OCT and high frequency ultrasound","volume":"10","author":"Varkentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:51:18Z","timestamp":1760187078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/9\/2195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19092195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19092195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]]}}}