{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:31:10Z","timestamp":1780569070938,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Science &amp; Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIP)","award":["CAP-17-04-KRISS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAP-17-04-KRISS"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)","award":["2019R1C1C1003765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1C1C1003765"]}]},{"name":"Global Frontier R&amp;D Program on Center for Hybrid Interface Materials (HIM) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning Korea","award":["NRF-2016M3A6B1925390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016M3A6B1925390"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Designing a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) with high power density and high fatigue resistance is essential for the successful replacement of the currently using batteries in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Among the various designs, the PEH comprising of a cantilever structure as a passive layer and piezoelectric single crystal-based fiber composites (SFC) as an active layer showed excellent performance due to its high electromechanical properties and dynamic flexibilities that are suitable for low frequency vibrations. In the present study, an effort was made to investigate the reliable performance of hard and soft SFC based PEHs. The base acceleration of both PEHs is held at 7 m\/s2 and the frequency of excitation is tuned to their resonant frequency (fr) and then the output power (Prms) is monitored for 107 fatigue cycles. The effect of fatigue cycles on the output voltage, vibration displacement, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties of PEHs was analyzed. It was noticed that fatigue-induced performance degradation is more prominent in soft SFC-based PEH (SS-PEH) than in hard SFC-based PEH (HS-PEH). The HS-PEH showed a slight degradation in the output power due to a shift in fr, however, no degradation in the maximum power was noticed, in fact, dielectric and ferroelectric properties were improved even after 107 vibration cycles. In this context, the present study provides a pathway to consider the fatigue life of piezoelectric material for the designing of PEH to be used at resonant conditions for long-term operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"2196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Comparison Study of Fatigue Behavior of Hard and Soft Piezoelectric Single Crystal Macro-Fiber Composites for Vibration Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Peddigari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga-Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Hee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuho","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Woo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Dong","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Hwan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Keun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Taek","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwi-Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Yong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woon-Ha","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungho","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geon-Tae","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alper, E., and Inman, D.J. 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