{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:39:11Z","timestamp":1760240351905,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper illustrates a methodology to get a reliable estimation of the local wave properties, based on the reconstruction of the motion of a moving sailboat by means of GNSS receivers installed on board and an original kinematic positioning approach. The wave parameters reconstruction may be used for many useful practical purposes, e.g., to improve of autopilots, for real-time control systems of ships, to analyze and improve the performance of race sailboats, and to estimate the local properties of the waves. A Class 40 oceanic vessel (ECO40) left from the port of \u201cRiva di Traiano\u201d located close to Rome (Italy) on 19 October 2014 to perform a non-stop sailing alone around the world in energy and food self-sufficiency. The proposed system was installed on ECO40 and the proposed method was applied to estimate the wave properties during a storm in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The results compared against two sets of hindcast data and wave buoy records demonstrated the reliability of the method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T11:06:46Z","timestamp":1558091206000},"page":"2295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimation of Wave Characteristics Based on Global Navigation Satellite System Data Installed on Board Sailboats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"De Girolamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSapienza\u201d, University of Rome, DICEA, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0592-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Crespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSapienza\u201d, University of Rome, DICEA, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSapienza\u201d, University of Rome, DICEA, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSapienza\u201d, University of Rome, DICEA, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0382-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Di Risio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering (DICEAA)\u2014Environmental and Maritime Hydraulic Laboratory (LIam), University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Pasquali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering (DICEAA)\u2014Environmental and Maritime Hydraulic Laboratory (LIam), University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Bellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, Roma Tre University, Via V. Volterra, 62, 00146 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myrta","family":"Castellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSapienza\u201d, University of Rome, DICEA, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9784-2153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Sammarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science , University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, DICII, Via del Politecnico, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0661(99)00156-2","article-title":"Bayesian estimation of directional wave spectra based on ship motions","volume":"8","author":"Iseki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Control. 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