{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:32:02Z","timestamp":1784741522260,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61527819, 61875146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61527819, 61875146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004480","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015011049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015011049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004480","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Youth Science and Technology Foundation","award":["201601D021069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201601D021069"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(SXSCC)","award":["2016-036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of tunnel fire detection requires a Raman distributed temperature sensor (RDTS) with high-accuracy and visual localization. A novel temperature demodulation method to improve the temperature measurement accuracy of the RDTS systems is presented. This method is based on the optical dynamic difference compensation algorithm, which can eliminate the optical power fluctuation. In addition, the visual localization technology is presented by using the longitudinal lining model (LLM) of a three-dimensional (3D) temperature display, which enhances the engineering application of RDTS in tunnel fire detection. Experimental results indicate that the temperature measurement accuracy is optimized from 7.0 \u00b0C to 1.9 \u00b0C at the sensing distance of 18.27 km by using the presented method. We provide a solution for temperature field monitoring as well as fire visual localization of the tunnel through RDTS systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T11:05:07Z","timestamp":1558350307000},"page":"2320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Raman Distributed Temperature Sensor with Optical Dynamic Difference Compensation and Visual Localization Technology for Tunnel Fire Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Baoqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics & Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advcanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics & Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advcanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8097-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingjiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics & Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advcanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics & Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advcanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics & Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advcanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics & Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advcanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R75","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/10\/8\/201","article-title":"Distributed optical-fibre sensing","volume":"10","author":"Rogers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Meas. 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