{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T20:27:02Z","timestamp":1770150422787,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present Low-Bandwidth Distributed Applications Framework (LDAF)\u2014an application-aware gateway for communication-constrained Internet of things (IoT) devices. A modular approach facilitates connecting to existing cloud backend servers and managing message formats and APIs\u2019 native application logic to meet the communication constraints of resource-limited end devices. We investigated options for positioning the LDAF server in fog computing architectures. We demonstrated the approach in three use cases: (i) a simple domain name system (DNS) query from the device to a DNS server, (ii) a complex interaction of a blockchain\u2014based IoT device with a blockchain network, and (iii) difference based patching of binary (system) files at the IoT end devices. In a blockchain smart meter use case we effectively enabled decentralized applications (DApp) for devices that without our solution could not participate in a blockchain network. Employing the more efficient binary content encoding, we reduced the periodic traffic from 16 kB\/s to ~1.1 kB\/s, i.e., 7% of the initial traffic. With additional optimization of the application protocol in the gateway and message filtering, the periodic traffic was reduced to ~1% of the initial traffic, without any tradeoffs in the application\u2019s functionality or security. Using a function of binary difference we managed to reduce the size of the communication traffic to the end device, at least when the binary patch was smaller than the patching file.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T10:52:51Z","timestamp":1558435971000},"page":"2337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["LDAF: Low-Bandwidth Distributed Applications Framework in a Use Case of Blockchain-Enabled IoT Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Matev\u017e","family":"Pusti\u0161ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017easka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dejan","family":"Dolenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017easka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Kos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017easka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9324035","article-title":"Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"2017","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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