{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:29:00Z","timestamp":1771259340195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A sugar solution measurement system was developed based on the dielectric properties of the sucrose molecule. An ac conductivity and tan \u03b4 study as a function of the frequency was performed to find the suitable frequency range for the measuring system. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain a better response of the sensor using the frequencies as the maxima peak in tan \u03b4 appears. Developed setup for sucrose solution was appropriate to measure in a 0.15 to 1 g\/mL range with an experimental error of about 3%. The proposed system improves the measurement time over some other methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T03:22:03Z","timestamp":1558581723000},"page":"2354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sugar Concentration Measurement System Using Radiofrequency Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2345-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Aguila Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/I.T. Orizaba, Oriente 9, Emiliano Zapata, 94320 Orizaba, VZ, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2854-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayda Patricia","family":"Arias Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Boyac\u00e1, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Carrera 2\u00aa Este No. 64\u2013169, 15001 Tunja, Boyac\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0775-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca Estela","family":"Gonzalez Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/I.T. Orizaba, Oriente 9, Emiliano Zapata, 94320 Orizaba, VZ, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0309-5231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Osvaldo","family":"Sandoval Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/I.T. Orizaba, Oriente 9, Emiliano Zapata, 94320 Orizaba, VZ, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar Hernan","family":"Giraldo Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica y Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, Cra. 27 N.\u00b0 64-60, 17001 Manizales, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Citlalli Jessica","family":"Trujillo Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n-LGII., 14389 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7980-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam Andrea","family":"Wilches Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Boyac\u00e1, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Carrera 2\u00aa Este No. 64\u2013169, 15001 Tunja, Boyac\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0468-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose de Jesus Agustin","family":"Flores Cuautle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT-Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/I.T. Orizaba, Oriente 9, Emiliano Zapata, 94320 Orizaba, VZ, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.141.3584.921","article-title":"Sucrose: Precise Determination of Crystal and Molecular Structure by Neutron Diffraction","volume":"141","author":"Brown","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050213-040251","article-title":"Sucrose Metabolism: Gateway to Diverse Carbon Use and Sugar Signaling","volume":"65","author":"Ruan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Michael, L.S., and Kargi, F. (2002). Major Methabolics Pathways. Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002824","article-title":"Sucrose, High-Fructose Corn Syrup, and Fructose, Their Metabolism and Potential Health Effects: What Do We Really Know?","volume":"4","author":"Rippe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.8.927","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women","volume":"292","author":"Schulze","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1495","article-title":"Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Study","volume":"86","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.274","article-title":"Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Malik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.23.4.150","article-title":"Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Associated with Weight Gain and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Welsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Keener, D., Goodman, K., Lowry, A., Zaro, S., and Kettel Khan, L. (2009). Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the United States: Implementation and Measurement Guide."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, and National Research Council of the National Academies (2009). Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2018). Ley del Impuesto Especial Sobre Producci\u00f3n y Servicios, Congreso de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0410","article-title":"A Penny-Per-Ounce Tax On Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Would Cut Health And Cost Burdens Of Diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(80)90015-1","article-title":"Carbohydrate content and caloric values of carbonated soft drinks","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"1980","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.255","article-title":"Sugar Content of Popular Sweetened Beverages Based on Objective Laboratory Analysis: Focus on Fructose Content","volume":"19","author":"Ventura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605346","article-title":"A Low Frequency Electromagnetic Sensor for Indirect Measurement of Glucose Concentration: In Vitro Experiments in Different Conductive Solutions","volume":"10","author":"Tura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.22.000190","article-title":"Correlation between blood glucose concentration in diabetics and noninvasively measured tissue optical scattering coefficient","volume":"22","author":"Bruulsema","year":"1997","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"287","article-title":"Feasibility of measuring blood glucose concentration by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy","volume":"53","author":"Berger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"4","article-title":"Glucose in aqueous solution thermal characterization by photopyroelectric techniques","volume":"63","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Fis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.003012","article-title":"Noninvasive glucose detection in human skin using wavelength modulated differential laser photothermal radiometry","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01185F","article-title":"Photothermal deflectometry enhanced by total internal reflection enables non-invasive glucose monitoring in human epidermis","volume":"140","author":"Pleitez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torii, T., Chiba, H., Tanabe, T., and Oyama, Y. (2017). Measurements of glucose concentration in aqueous solutions using reflected THz radiation for applications to a novel sub-THz radiation non-invasive blood sugar measurement method. Digit. Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207617729534"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S1881-8366(12)80020-6","article-title":"A Quantitative Study for Determination of Glucose Concentration Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Terahertz (ATR-THz) Spectroscopy","volume":"5","author":"Suhandy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eng. Agric. Environ. Food"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-016-0490-5","article-title":"Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring in the terahertz frequency range","volume":"48","author":"Cherkasova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2009.07.229","article-title":"Design and characterization of a versatile and high sensitive differential electromagnetic sensor","volume":"1","author":"Robaina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R57","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/32\/14\/201","article-title":"Dielectric relaxation in solids","volume":"32","author":"Jonscher","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-012-0725-9","article-title":"Electrical behavior of an octahedral layered OL-1-type manganese oxide material","volume":"19","author":"Arias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3081568","article-title":"Identification of Mangrove Areas by Remote Sensing: The ROC Curve Technique Applied to the Northwestern Mexico Coastal Zone Using Landsat Imagery","volume":"3","author":"Alatorre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.12.031","article-title":"Complex conductivity of water-saturated packs of glass beads","volume":"321","author":"Leroy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00541805","article-title":"Analysis of the alternating current properties of ionic conductors","volume":"132","author":"Jonscher","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1021\/cm102674u","article-title":"Mixed Grotthuss and Vehicle Transport Mechanism in Proton Conducting Polymers from Ab initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"23","author":"Sebastiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023001","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/28\/2\/023001","article-title":"Grotthuss mechanisms: from proton transport in proton wires to bioprotonic devices","volume":"28","author":"Takeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.02.047","article-title":"Relationships between hydration number, water activity and density of aqueous sugar solutions","volume":"106","author":"Gharsallaoui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-012-1667-x","article-title":"Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods VI: More modifications to the NDDO approximations and re-optimization of parameters","volume":"19","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1021\/jp002722i","article-title":"Molecular Simulation of Sucrose Solutions near the Glass Transition Temperature","volume":"105","author":"Conrad","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14760","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3079869","article-title":"Hydration and Aggregation in Mono- and Disaccharide Aqueous Solutions by Gigahertz-to-Terahertz Light Scattering and Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"116","author":"Lupi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/10\/2354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:13Z","timestamp":1760187253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/10\/2354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s19102354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19102354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]}}}