{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:39:27Z","timestamp":1760240367565,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an approach to exploit the superimposed training (ST)-based primary users\u2019 (PUs) transmissions in the context of spectrum sensing for cognitive radio. In the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the proposed scheme splits the spectrum sensing phase into two sample processing periods, allowing a secondary user (SU) to carry out a training sequence synchronization (with a small probability of error) before the implementation of a robust spectrum sensing algorithm that enhances the detection, based on the deterministic signal components embedded in the ST PU\u2019s signals along with the unknown data signal. The overall sensing performance is improved using a reasonable number of samples to achieve a high probability of detection, resulting in a reduced spectrum sensing duration. Furthermore, a low computational complexity version of the proposed ST combined approach for a reduced phase (SCAR-Phase) of spectrum sensing is presented, which attains the same detection performance with a smaller number of real operations in the low SNR. In the practical consideration of imperfect training sequence synchronizations, the results show the advantages of exploiting the ST sequence to perform spectrum sensing, thus quantifying the significant improvement in detection performance and the maximum SU\u2019s achievable throughput.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Superimposed Training Combined Approach for a Reduced Phase of Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizeth","family":"Lopez-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed (UASLP), San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cardenas-Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed (UASLP), San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7274-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Stevens-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed (UASLP), San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Ulises","family":"Pineda-Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed (UASLP), San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2036-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedras CONACYT, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed (UASLP), San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Aldo G.","family":"Orozco-Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090109","article-title":"A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications","volume":"11","author":"Yucek","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2631080","article-title":"Advances on Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks: Theory and Applications","volume":"19","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.839380","article-title":"Cognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless communications","volume":"23","author":"Haykin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2338894","article-title":"Spectrum Exploration and Exploitation for Cognitive Radio: Recent Advances","volume":"32","author":"Lunden","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2452414","article-title":"Cognitive Radio Techniques under Practical Imperfections: A Survey","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, S., So, J., and Kim, H. (2017). On Optimal Cooperative Sensing with Energy Detection in Cognitive Radio. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092111"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2863681","article-title":"Blind Spectrum Sensing Approaches for Interweaved Cognitive Radio System: A Tutorial and Short Course","volume":"21","author":"Awin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hattab, G., and Ibnkahla, M. (2014, January 1\u20134). Enhanced pilot-based spectrum sensing algorithm. Proceedings of the 2014 27th Biennial Symposium on Communications (QBSC), Kingston, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/QBSC.2014.6841184"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2015.0006","article-title":"Improved semi-blind spectrum sensing for cognitive radio with locally optimum detection","volume":"10","author":"Ghogho","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardenas-Juarez, M., Ghogho, M., and Swami, A. (2010, January 14\u201319). Semi-blind locally optimum detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2010.5496136"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.030411.100973","article-title":"Hybrid coherent\/energy detection for cognitive radio networks","volume":"10","author":"Moghimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Lopez, L., Cardenas-Juarez, M., Stevens-Navarro, E., Pineda-Rico, U., and Orozco-Lugo, A.G. (2016, January 26\u201330). Superimposed training-based detector for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio. Proceedings of the 2016 13th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE), Mexico City, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEE.2016.7751190"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, P.N., Har, D., Cho, N.I., and Kong, H.Y. (2017). Optimal Power Allocation of Relay Sensor Node Capable of Energy Harvesting in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Network. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030648"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A., Khan, M.Z.A., Merchant, S.N., Desai, U.B., and Hanzo, L. (2018). How Many Cognitive Channels Should the Primary User Share?. IEEE Wirel. Commun., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2018.1700382"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2003.819993","article-title":"Channel estimation using implicit training","volume":"52","author":"Lara","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Haykin, S., and Ray Liu, K.J. (2009). Implicit training and array processing for digital communication systems. Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Tugnait, J.K., and Meng, X. (2004, January 17\u201321). Synchronization of superimposed training for channel estimation. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.893911","article-title":"Frame\/Training Sequence Synchronization and DC-Offset Removal for (Data-Dependent) Superimposed Training Based Channel Estimation","volume":"55","author":"McLernon","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2013.0037","article-title":"Comparison of reliability, delay and complexity for standalone cognitive radio spectrum sensing schemes","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., and Hai, J. (2014). Energy Detection for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0494-5"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kay, S.M. (1998). Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Detection Theory, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, I., Bae, J., and Kim, S.Y. (2002). Advanced Theory of Signal Detection, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04859-7"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Thomas, J.B. (1988). Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2007.914879","article-title":"SNR Walls for Signal Detection","volume":"2","author":"Tandra","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Benitez, M., and Casadevall, F. (2009, January 17\u201320). Methodological aspects of spectrum occupancy evaluation in the context of cognitive radio. Proceedings of the 2009 European Wireless Conference, Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/EW.2009.5357973"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maleki, S., Pandharipande, A., and Leus, G. (2010, January 14\u201319). Two-stage spectrum sensing for cognitive radios. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2010.5496149"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.060869","article-title":"Sensing-Throughput Tradeoff for Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2425\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:53:57Z","timestamp":1760187237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19112425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19112425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]}}}