{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:39:20Z","timestamp":1760240360725,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF-CNS-1066391, NSF-CNS-0914371, NSF-CPS-1135814, NSF-CDI-1125165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-CNS-1066391, NSF-CNS-0914371, NSF-CPS-1135814, NSF-CDI-1125165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A wireless seismic network can be effectively used as a tool for subsurface monitoring and imaging. By recording and analyzing ambient noise, a seismic network can image underground infrastructures and provide velocity variation information of the subsurface that can help to detect anomalies. By studying the variation in the noise cross-correlation function of the noise, it is possible to determine the subsurface seismic velocity and image underground infrastructures. Ambient noise imaging can be done in a decentralized fashion using Distributed Spatial Auto-Correlation (dSPAC). In dSPAC over sensor networks, the cross-correlation is the most intensive communication process since nodes need to communicate their data with neighbor nodes. In this paper, a new communication-reduced method for cross-correlation is presented to meet bandwidth and cost of communication constraints in networks while ambient noise imaging is performed using dSPAC method. By applying the proposed communication-reduced method, we show that energy and computational cost of the nodes is also preserved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"2427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Distributed and Communication-Efficient Spatial Auto-Correlation Subsurface Imaging in Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Valero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2340-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0070-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03720.x","article-title":"Surface wave tomography of the western United States from ambient seismic noise: Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocity maps","volume":"173","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. 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