{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:35:33Z","timestamp":1781714133300,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports the characterization of the 2.45-GHz-ISM-band radio wave propagation channel. Specifically, measurements were performed in an underground parking garage, with the aim of optimizing breadcrumb systems for a Rapid Intervention Team application. The effects of the high penetration loss and large reflections by the concrete reinforced building structure on the path loss and the large-scale fading were studied. Based on the analysis of the wireless channel, critical points for reliable communication between members of a Rapid Intervention Team were identified. In particular, attention was paid to dealing with large, spatially confined signal losses due to shadowing, the anticipation of corner losses and the ability of the system to operate on multiple floors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"2431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterization of Path Loss and Large-Scale Fading for Rapid Intervention Team Communication in Underground Parking Garages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seppe","family":"Van Brandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbe","family":"Van Thielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Verhaevert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4710-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Van Hecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8139-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Rogier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University-imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McGrail, D. (2007). Firefighting Operations in High-Rise and Standpipe-Equipped Buildings, PennWell."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Avillo, A. (2008). Fireground Strategies, PennWell."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Li, J., Xie, Z., Lin, S., Whitehouse, K., Stankovic, J.A., and Siu, D. (2010, January 15\u201318). Automatic and Robust Breadcrumb System Deployment for Indoor Firefighter Applications. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814438"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.63","article-title":"An Automatic, Robust, and Efficient Multi-User Breadcrumb System for Emergency Response Applications","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Xie, Z., Li, J., Whitehouse, K., Stankovic, J., Lin, S., and Siu, D. (2011, January 11\u201314). Efficient and Reliable Breadcrumb Systems via Coordination among Multiple First Responders. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2011.6139647"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1145\/2557633","article-title":"Providing Reliable and Real-Time Delivery in the Presence of Body Shadowing in Breadcrumb Systems","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souryal, M.R., Geissbuehler, J., Miller, L.E., and Moayeri, N. (2007, January 11\u201313). Real-Time Deployment of Multihop Relays for Range Extension. 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Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall PTR."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2431\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:01Z","timestamp":1760187241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19112431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19112431","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]}}}