{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:28:31Z","timestamp":1769164111333,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEDTEQ and MITACS, Quebec, Canada","award":["IT07003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT07003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the growing interest in daily activity monitoring, several insole designs have been developed to identify postures, detect activities, and count steps. However, the validity of these devices is not clearly established. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the available information on the criterion validity of instrumented insoles in detecting postures activities and steps. The literature search through six databases led to 33 articles that met inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated 17 different insole models and involved 290 participants from 16 to 75 years old. Criterion validity was assessed using six statistical indicators. For posture and activity recognition, accuracy varied from 75.0% to 100%, precision from 65.8% to 100%, specificity from 98.1% to 100%, sensitivity from 73.0% to 100%, and identification rate from 66.2% to 100%. For step counting, accuracies were very high (94.8% to 100%). Across studies, different postures and activities were assessed using different criterion validity indicators, leading to heterogeneous results. Instrumented insoles appeared to be highly accurate for steps counting. However, measurement properties were variable for posture and activity recognition. These findings call for a standardized methodology to investigate the measurement properties of such devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"2438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Validity of Instrumented Insoles for Step Counting, Posture and Activity Recognition: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0024-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armelle M.","family":"Ngueleu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9anne K.","family":"Blanchette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9e","family":"Maltais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Moffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Bradford J.","family":"McFadyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2034-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Bouyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Batcho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 universitaire de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1M2S8, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.09.010","article-title":"Physical activity prevented functional decline among frail community-living elderly subjects in an international observational study","volume":"60","author":"Landi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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