{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:47:58Z","timestamp":1761598078971,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1151367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1151367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elimination of malaria is a global health priority. Detecting an asymptomatic carrier of Plasmodium parasites to receive treatment is an important step in achieving this goal. Current available tools for detection of malaria parasites are either expensive, lacking in sensitivity for asymptomatic carriers, or low in throughput. We investigated the sensitivity of an impedimetric biosensor targeting the malaria biomarker Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH). Following optimization of the detection protocol, sensor performance was tested using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and then saliva samples spiked with pLDH at various concentrations. The presence of pLDH was determined by analyzing the sensor electrical properties before and after sample application. Through comparing percentage changes in impedance magnitude, the sensors distinguished pLDH-spiked PBS from non-spiked PBS at concentrations as low as 250 pg\/mL (p = 0.0008). Percentage changes in impedance magnitude from saliva spiked with 2.5 ng\/mL pLDH trended higher than those from non-spiked saliva. These results suggest that these biosensors have the potential to detect concentrations of pLDH up to two logs lower than currently available best-practice diagnostic tools. Successful optimization of this sensor platform would enable more efficient diagnosis of asymptomatic carriers, who can be targeted for treatment, contributing to the elimination of malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T11:31:28Z","timestamp":1559129488000},"page":"2446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Development of an Ultrasensitive Impedimetric Immunosensor Platform for Detection of Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yu Kong","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxiong","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gita V.","family":"Soraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Buffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chathurika D.","family":"Abeyrathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duc H.","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efstratios","family":"Skafidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4287-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2018, November 19). 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