{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:29:23Z","timestamp":1768739363831,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Plan","award":["20181043304X06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20181043304X06"]}]},{"name":"the SDUT &amp; Zhangdian District integration Project(2018)","award":["9001\/118228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9001\/118228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-pixel photon counting detectors can produce images in low-light environments based on passive photon counting technology. However, the resulting images suffer from problems such as low contrast, low brightness, and some unknown noise distribution. To achieve a better visual effect, this paper describes a denoising and enhancement method based on a block-matching 3D filter and a non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). First, the NSCT was applied to the original image and histogram-equalized image to obtain the sub-band low- and high-frequency coefficients. Regional energy and scale correlation rules were used to determine the respective coefficients. Adaptive single-scale retinex enhancement was applied to the low-frequency components to improve the image quality. The high-frequency sub-bands whose line features were best preserved were selected and processed using a symbol function and the Bayes-shrink threshold. After applying the inverse transform, the fused photon counting image was subjected to an improved block-matching 3D filter, significantly reducing the operation time. The final result from the proposed method was superior to those of comparative methods in terms of several objective evaluation indices and exhibited good visual effects and details from the objective impression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T11:31:28Z","timestamp":1559129488000},"page":"2462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Denoising Method for Passive Photon Counting Images Based on Block-Matching 3D Filter and Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China"}]},{"given":"Liju","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0556-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenzhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China"}]},{"given":"Guofeng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201620","article-title":"Pcf-based cavity enhanced spectroscopic sensors for simultaneous multicomponent trace gas analysis","volume":"11","author":"Nakaema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Wang, Y., Yang, M., Zhang, X., and Zheng, N. 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