{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:32:02Z","timestamp":1769214722361,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011697","name":"R\u00e9gion Bretagne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011697","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a novel sensor-to-segment calibration procedure for inertial sensor-based knee joint kinematics analysis during cycling. This procedure was designed to be feasible in-field, autonomously, and without any external operator or device. It combines a static standing up posture and a pedaling task. The main goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of the new sensor-to-segment calibration method (denoted as the \u2018cycling\u2019 method) by calculating errors in terms of body-segment orientations and 3D knee joint angles using inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based and optoelectronic-based motion capture. To do so, 14 participants were evaluated during pedaling motion at a workload of 100 W, which enabled comparisons of the cycling method with conventional calibration methods commonly employed in gait analysis. The accuracy of the cycling method was comparable to that of other methods concerning the knee flexion\/extension angle, and did not exceed 3.8\u00b0. However, the cycling method presented the smallest errors for knee internal\/external rotation (6.65 \u00b1 1.94\u00b0) and abduction\/adduction (5.92 \u00b1 2.85\u00b0). This study demonstrated that a calibration method based on the completion of a pedaling task combined with a standing posture significantly improved the accuracy of 3D knee joint angle measurement when applied to cycling analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1559214464000},"page":"2474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Estimation of 3D Knee Joint Angles during Cycling Using Inertial Sensors: Accuracy of a Novel Sensor-to-Segment Calibration Procedure Based on Pedaling Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Cordillet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sports &amp; Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France"},{"name":"MIMETIC\u2013Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes\u2013Bretagne Atlantique, IRISA_D6\u2013MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS, 35000 Rennes, France"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bideau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sports &amp; Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France"},{"name":"MIMETIC\u2013Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes\u2013Bretagne Atlantique, IRISA_D6\u2013MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS, 35000 Rennes, France"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Bideau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sports &amp; Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France"},{"name":"MIMETIC\u2013Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes\u2013Bretagne Atlantique, IRISA_D6\u2013MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS, 35000 Rennes, France"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sports &amp; Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France"},{"name":"MIMETIC\u2013Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes\u2013Bretagne Atlantique, IRISA_D6\u2013MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS, 35000 Rennes, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00014-9","article-title":"Non-driving intersegmental knee moments in cycling computed using a model that includes three-dimensional kinematics of the shank\/foot and the effect of simplifying assumptions","volume":"36","author":"Gregersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000102015","article-title":"Kinematics of cycling in relation to anterior knee pain and patellar tendinitis","volume":"21","author":"Bailey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d09e60","article-title":"Effect of saddle height on economy and anaerobic power in well-trained cyclists","volume":"25","author":"Peveler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bini, R.R., and Di Alencar, T.A. (2014). Non-traumatic Injuries in Cycling. Biomechanics of Cycling, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05539-8_6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1135984","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics of competitive and recreational cyclists across different workloads during cycling","volume":"16","author":"Bini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3182a4bab7","article-title":"Bicycling injuries","volume":"12","author":"Silberman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.19.3.301","article-title":"Effects of saddle height, pedaling cadence, and workload on joint kinetics and kinematics during cycling","volume":"19","author":"Bini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2005.01.007","article-title":"Lower body problems and injury in cycling","volume":"9","author":"Callaghan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1432066","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of 3D kinematic asymmetry in professional cycling during an incremental test to exhaustion","volume":"36","author":"Pouliquen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.06.024","article-title":"Systematic accuracy and precision analysis of video motion capturing systems-exemplified on the Vicon-460 system","volume":"41","author":"Windolf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.12720\/ijsps.1.2.256-262","article-title":"Reviews on Various Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Sensor Applications","volume":"1","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Signal. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.11.008","article-title":"25 years of lower limb joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors: A review of methodological approaches","volume":"51","author":"Picerno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Marin, F., Fradet, L., Lepetit, K., Hansen, C., and Ben, K. (July, January 29). Inertial measurement unit in biomechanics and sport biomechanics: Past, present, future. Proceedings of the 33 International Conference of Biomechanics in Sports (2015), Poitiers, France."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201489","article-title":"Estimating three-dimensional orientation of human body parts by inertial\/magnetic sensing","volume":"11","author":"Sabatini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18625","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018625","article-title":"Estimating orientation using magnetic and inertial sensors and different sensor fusion approaches: Accuracy assessment in manual and locomotion tasks","volume":"14","author":"Bergamini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.12.004","article-title":"Magnetic distortion in motion labs, implications for validating inertial magnetic sensors","volume":"29","author":"Veeger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cockcroft, J. (2011). An Evaluation of Inertial Motion Capture Technology for Use in the Analysis and Optimization of Road Cycling Kinematics. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Stellenbosch University]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.12.010","article-title":"An inertial and magnetic sensor based technique for joint angle measurement","volume":"40","author":"Kamnik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beravs, T., Rebersek, P., Novak, D., Podobnik, J., and Munih, M. (2011, January 26\u201328). Development and validation of a wearable inertial measurement system for use with lower limb exoskeletons. Proceedings of the 2011 11th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, Bled, Slovenia.","DOI":"10.1109\/Humanoids.2011.6100914"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8430","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508430","article-title":"The use of accelerometers and gyroscopes to estimate hip and knee angles on gait analysis","volume":"14","author":"Alonge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Miezal, M., Taetz, B., Schmitz, N., and Bleser, G. (October, January 29). Ambulatory inertial spinal tracking using constraints. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Body Area Networks, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Taetz, B., Bleser, G., and Miezal, M. (2016, January 5\u20138). Towards self-calibrating inertial body motion capture. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), Heidelberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6891","DOI":"10.3390\/s140406891","article-title":"IMU-Based Joint Angle Measurement for Gait Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Seel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18813","DOI":"10.3390\/s150818813","article-title":"Upper limb kinematics using inertial and magnetic sensors: Comparison of sensor-to-segment calibrations","volume":"15","author":"Bouvier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.04.003","article-title":"Joint kinematics estimate using wearable inertial and magnetic sensing modules","volume":"28","author":"Picerno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2017-0035","article-title":"Automatic anatomical calibration for IMU- based elbow angle measurement in disturbed magnetic fields","volume":"3","author":"Laidig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Directions Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2018-0104","article-title":"Increasing the Robustness of the automatic IMU calibration for lower Extremity Motion Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Directions Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsson, F., Seel, T., Lehmann, D., and Halvorsen, K. (2019). Joint axis estimation for fast and slow movements using weighted gyroscope and acceleration constraints. arXiv.","DOI":"10.23919\/FUSION43075.2019.9011409"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath, T., Fineman, R., and Stirling, L. (2018). An auto-calibrating knee flexion-extension axis estimator using principal component analysis with inertial sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061882"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.02.029","article-title":"Accuracy and repeatability of single-pose calibration of inertial measurement units for whole-body motion analysis","volume":"54","author":"Mecheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.03.004","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of accuracy and repeatability of a novel body-to-sensor calibration procedure for inertial sensor-based gait analysis","volume":"52","author":"Palermo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-009-0545-x","article-title":"\u201cOutwalk\u201d: A protocol for clinical gait analysis based on inertial and magnetic sensors","volume":"48","author":"Cutti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.007","article-title":"Functionally interpretable local coordinate systems for the upper extremity using inertial & magnetic measurement systems","volume":"43","author":"Veeger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.06.025","article-title":"Functional calibration procedure for 3D knee joint angle description using inertial sensors","volume":"42","author":"Favre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.11.011","article-title":"Ambulatory measurement of arm orientation","volume":"40","author":"Luinge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.08.004","article-title":"Inertial sensor-based knee flexion\/extension angle estimation","volume":"42","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2324825","article-title":"Miniature low-power inertial sensors: Promising technology for implantable motion capture systems","volume":"22","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1382869","article-title":"Which functional movements for sensor-to-segment calibration for lower-limb movement analysis with inertial sensors?","volume":"20","author":"Fradet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.09.006","article-title":"Assessment of anatomical frame variation effect on joint angles: A linear perturbation approach","volume":"44","author":"Brennan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasel, B., Sp\u00f6rri, J., Sch\u00fctz, P., Lorenzetti, S., and Aminian, K. (2017). Validation of functional calibration and strap-down joint drift correction for computing 3D joint angles of knee, hip, and trunk in alpine skiing. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181446"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-011-0486-x","article-title":"A performance analysis of a wireless body-area network monitoring system for professional cycling","volume":"17","author":"Havinga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Lin, T., Chen, H., Chen, A., and Wang, H. (November, January 29). Poster: SaFePlay + \u2013 A Wearable Cycling Measurement and Analysis System of Lower Limbs. Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2017.2749318","article-title":"The Cybathlon RehaBike: Inertial-Sensor-Driven Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling by Team Hasomed","volume":"24","author":"Wiesener","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014Part I: Ankle, hip, and spine","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00017-C","article-title":"ISB Recommendations in the Reporting for Standardization of Kinematic Data","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Madgwick, S.O.H., Harrison, A.J.L., and Vaidyanathan, R. (July, January 29). Estimation of IMU and MARG orientation using a gradient descent algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics Rehab Week Zurich, ETH Zurich Science City, Switzerlan."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-1006-5","article-title":"Gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy via inertial and magnetic sensors","volume":"51","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teufl, W., Miezal, M., Taetz, B., Fr\u00f6hlich, M., and Bleser, G. (2018). Validity, test-retest reliability and long-term stability of magnetometer free inertial sensor based 3D joint kinematics. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18071980"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.15.3.318","article-title":"Estimate of the Optimum Cutoff Frequency for the Butterworth Low-Pass Digital Filter","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"186","article-title":"Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry","volume":"21","author":"Cappozzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Valencia, L., Elias, A., Rocon, E., Bastos-Filho, T., and Frizera, A. (2016). An IMU-to-Body Alignment Method Applied to Human Gait Analysis. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122090"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02345966","article-title":"Measuring orientation of human body segments using miniature gyroscopes and accelerometers","volume":"43","author":"Luinge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.10.026","article-title":"A survey of formal methods for determining functional joint axes","volume":"40","author":"Ehrig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084501","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4033719","article-title":"Evaluation of Eight Methods for Aligning Orientation of Two Coordinate Systems","volume":"138","author":"Mecheri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.K., and Jung, W.C. (2018). Quaternion-Based Local Frame Alignment between an Inertial Measurement Unit and a Motion Capture System. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114003"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-136","article-title":"Validation of the angular measurements of a new inertial-measurement-unit based rehabilitation system: Comparison with state-of-the-art gait analysis","volume":"11","author":"Leardini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"111","article-title":"Gait posture estimation by wearable acceleration and gyro sensor","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Schlegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"IFMBE Proceedings, Proceedings of the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 7\u201312 September 2009, Munich, Germany"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00087-3","article-title":"Repeatability of gait data using a functional hip joint centre and a mean helical knee axis","volume":"36","author":"Besier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(03)00036-8","article-title":"Correction of axis misalignment in the analysis of knee rotations","volume":"22","author":"Marin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101057","article-title":"A new calibration methodology for thorax and upper limbs motion capture in children using magneto and inertial sensors","volume":"14","author":"Ricci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kapandji, I.A., and Kapandji, I.A. (1987). The Physiology of the Joints, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90280-1","article-title":"The envelope of passive knee joint motion","volume":"21","author":"Blankevoort","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.033","article-title":"Cruciate coupling and screw-home mechanism in passive knee joint during extension\u2013flexion","volume":"38","author":"Moglo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.828051","article-title":"Establishment of a knee-joint coordinate system from helical axes analysis\u2014A kinematic approach without anatomical referencing","volume":"51","author":"Mannel","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(96)00055-3","article-title":"Multiple anatomical landmark calibration for optimal bone pose estimation","volume":"16","author":"Cappello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2318897","article-title":"A novel complimentary filter for tracking hip angles during cycling using wireless inertial sensors and dynamic acceleration estimation","volume":"14","author":"Cockcroft","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002","article-title":"Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry Part 3. Soft tissue artifact assessment and compensation","volume":"21","author":"Leardini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.009","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of five current protocols in gait analysis","volume":"28","author":"Ferrari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Amri, M., Nicholas, K., Button, K., Sparkes, V., Sheeran, L., and Davies, J.L. (2018). Inertial measurement units for clinical movement analysis: Reliability and concurrent validity. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030719"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N63","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/8\/N63","article-title":"Concurrent validation of Xsens MVN measurement of lower limb joint angular kinematics","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:44Z","timestamp":1760187284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19112474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19112474","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]}}}