{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T23:52:33Z","timestamp":1768780353299,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013288","name":"LIFE programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE13 ENV\/IT\/001254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE13 ENV\/IT\/001254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Obra Social La Caixa","award":["2018-URL-IR2nQ-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-URL-IR2nQ-029"]}]},{"name":"Obra Social La Caixa","award":["2018-URL-IR2nQ-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-URL-IR2nQ-038"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement of the Catalan Government","award":["2019 FI B2 00168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 FI B2 00168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traffic noise is presently considered one of the main pollutants in urban and suburban areas. Several recent technological advances have allowed a step forward in the dynamic computation of road-traffic noise levels by means of a Wireless Acoustic Sensor Network (WASN) through the collection of measurements in real-operation environments. In the framework of the LIFE DYNAMAP project, two WASNs have been deployed in two pilot areas: one in the city of Milan, as an urban environment, and another around the city of Rome in a suburban location. For a correct evaluation of the noise level generated by road infrastructures, all Anomalous Noise Events (ANE) unrelated to regular road-traffic noise (e.g., sirens, horns, speech, etc.) should be removed before updating corresponding noise maps. This work presents the production and analysis of a real-operation environmental audio database collected through the 19-node WASN of a suburban area. A total of 156 h and 20 min of labeled audio data has been obtained differentiating among road-traffic noise and ANEs (classified in 16 subcategories). After delimiting their boundaries manually, the acoustic salience of the ANE samples is automatically computed as a contextual Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) together with its impact on the A-weighted equivalent level ( \u0394 L A e q ). The analysis of the real-operation WASN-based environmental database is evaluated with these metrics, and we conclude that the 19 locations of the network present substantial differences in the occurrences of the subcategories of ANE, with a clear predominance of the noise of sirens, trains, and thunder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1559214464000},"page":"2480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A WASN-Based Suburban Dataset for Anomalous Noise Event Detection on Dynamic Road-Traffic Noise Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Ma","family":"Alsina-Pag\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM\u2014Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull., C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7364-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Orga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM\u2014Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull., C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Al\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM\u2014Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull., C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7348-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Claudi","family":"Socor\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM\u2014Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle\u2014Universitat Ramon Llull., C\/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3180318be5","article-title":"Noise Pollution: A Modern Plague","volume":"100","author":"Goines","year":"2007","journal-title":"South. Med. J. Birm. Ala."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.10.005","article-title":"The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being","volume":"120","author":"Guite","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206154","article-title":"Environmental burden of disease in Europe: Assessing nine risk factors in six countries","volume":"122","author":"Knol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1145\/3224204","article-title":"SONYC: A System for Monitoring, Analyzing, and Mitigating Urban Noise Pollution","volume":"62","author":"Bello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"EU (2002). Directive 2002\/49\/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise. Off. J. Eur. Commun., L189, 12\u201325."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Manvell, D. (2015, January 1\u20133). Utilising the Strengths of Different Sound Sensor Networks in Smart City Noise Management. Proceedings of the EuroNoise 2015, Maastrich, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u00edas, F., and Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M. (2019). Review of Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks for Environmental Noise Monitoring in Smart Cities. J. Sens.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7634860"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Nencini, L., De Rosa, P., Ascari, E., Vinci, B., and Alexeeva, N. (2012, January 10\u201313). SENSEable Pisa: A wireless sensor network for real-time noise mapping. Proceedings of the EuroNoise 2012, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mee, D., and Hillock, I.D. (2011, January 2\u20134). Sound monitoring networks new style. Proceedings of the Acoustics 2011, Gold Coast, Australia."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mietlicki, F., Mietlicki, C., and Sineau, M. (2015, January 1\u20133). An innovative approach for long-term environmental noise measurement: RUMEUR network. Proceedings of the EuroNoise 2015, Maastrich, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Camps-Farr\u00e9s, J., and Casado-Novas, J. (2018, January 27\u201331). Issues and challenges to improve the Barcelona Noise Monitoring Network. Proceedings of the EuroNoise 2018, Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bain, M. (2018, June 25). SENTILO\u2014Sensor and Actuator Platform for Smart Cities. Available online: https:\/\/joinup.ec.europa.eu\/document\/sentilo-sensor-and-actuator-platform-smart-cities."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"172","article-title":"DYNAMAP\u2014Development of low cost sensors networks for real time noise mapping","volume":"3","author":"Sevillano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Noise Mapp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Piedra, A., Benitez-Capistros, F., Dominguez, F., and Touhafi, A. (2013, January 1\u20134). Wireless sensor networks for environmental research: A survey on limitations and challenges. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE EUROCON, Zagreb, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2013.6624996"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-013-1021-9","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey on Recent Developments and Potential Synergies","volume":"68","author":"Rawat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, A. (2011, January 22\u201323). Applications and trends in wireless acoustic sensor networks: A signal processing perspective. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux (SCVT), Ghent, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCVT.2011.6101302"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2014.08.013","article-title":"Localizing multiple audio sources in a wireless acoustic sensor network","volume":"107","author":"Griffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socor\u00f3, J.C., Al\u00edas, F., and Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M. (2017). An Anomalous Noise Events Detector for Dynamic Road Traffic Noise Mapping in Real-Life Urban and Suburban Environments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102323"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Wang, D., and Brown, G.J. (2006). Computational Auditory Scene Analysis: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications, Wiley-IEEE Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannoulis, D., Benetos, E., Stowell, D., Rossignol, M., Lagrange, M., and Plumbley, M.D. (2013, January 20\u201323). Detection and classification of acoustic scenes and events: An IEEE AASP challenge. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WASPAA.2013.6701819"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.06.026","article-title":"Reliable detection of audio events in highly noisy environments","volume":"65","author":"Foggia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2907016","article-title":"Sound event detection in the DCASE 2017 Challenge","volume":"27","author":"Mesaros","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Language Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u00edas, F., and Socor\u00f3, J.C. (2017). Description of anomalous noise events for reliable dynamic traffic noise mapping in real-life urban and suburban soundscapes. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020146"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Socor\u00f3, J.C., Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M., Al\u00edas, F., and Orga, F. (2018, January 27\u201331). Adapting an Anomalous Noise Events Detector for Real-Life Operation in the Rome Suburban Pilot Area of the DYNAMAP\u2019s Project. Proceedings of the EuroNoise, Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Nakajima, Y., Sunohara, M., Naito, T., Sunago, N., Ohshima, T., and Ono, N. (2016, January 21\u201324). DNN-based Environmental Sound Recognition with Real-recorded and Artificially-mixed Training Data. Proceedings of the 45th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering (InterNoise 2016), Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesaros, A., Heittola, T., and Virtanen, T. (September, January 28). TUT database for acoustic scene classification and sound event detection. Proceedings of the 24th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2016), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUSIPCO.2016.7760424"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2428998","article-title":"Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events","volume":"17","author":"Stowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-4722-2013-1","article-title":"Context-dependent sound event detection","volume":"2013","author":"Heittola","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Audio Speech Music Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2470216","article-title":"Audio Surveillance of Roads: A System for Detecting Anomalous Sounds","volume":"17","author":"Foggia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2016.10.022","article-title":"The LIFE DYNAMAP project: Towards a procedure for dynamic noise mapping in urban areas","volume":"124","author":"Zambon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2016.04.022","article-title":"LIFE DYNAMAP project: The case study of Rome","volume":"117","author":"Bellucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Stowell, D., and Plumbley, M.D. (2013). An open dataset for research on audio field recording archives: Freefield1010. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamon, J., Jacoby, C., and Bello, J.P. (2014, January 3\u20137). A dataset and taxonomy for urban sound research. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2655045"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Socor\u00f3, J.C., Ribera, G., Sevillano, X., and Al\u00edas, F. (, January 12\u201316). Development of an Anomalous Noise Event Detection Algorithm for dynamic road traffic noise mapping. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV22), Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piczak, K.J. (2015, January 26\u201330). ESC: Dataset for Environmental Sound Classification. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2806390"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Rossignol, M., Lafay, G., Lagrange, M., and Misdariis, N. (2015, January 26\u201328). SimScene: A web-based acoustic scenes simulator. Proceedings of the 1st Web Audio Conference (WAC), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Gloaguen, J.R., Can, A., Lagrange, M., and Petiot, J.F. (2016, January 3). Estimating Traffic Noise Levels using Acoustic Monitoring: A Preliminary Study. Proceedings of the Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events 2016 (DCASE\u20192016), Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2690575","article-title":"Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks for Polyphonic Sound Event Detection","volume":"25","author":"Parascandolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamon, J., MacConnell, D., Cartwright, M., Li, P., and Bello, J.P. (2017, January 15\u201318). Scaper: A library for soundscape synthesis and augmentation. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), New Paltz, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WASPAA.2017.8170052"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2657381","article-title":"Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Data Augmentation for Environmental Sound Classification","volume":"24","author":"Salamon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Stiefelhagen, R., and Garofolo, J. (2007). CLEAR Evaluation of Acoustic Event Detection and Classification Systems. Multimodal Technologies for Perception of Humans: First International Evaluation Workshop on Classification of Events, Activities and Relationships, CLEAR 2006, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Temko, A. (2007). Acoustic Event Detection and Classification. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Stiefelhagen, R., Bowers, R., and Fiscus, J. (2008). TUT Acoustic Event Detection System 2007. Multimodal Technologies for Perception of Humans. International Evaluation Workshops CLEAR 2007 and RT 2007, Springer."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Van Grootel, M.W.W., Andringa, T.C., and Krijnders, J.D. (2009, January 23\u201326). DARES-G1: Database of Annotated Real-world Everyday Sounds. Proceedings of the NAG\/DAGA Meeting 2009, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Giannoulis, D., Stowell, D., Benetos, E., Rossignol, M., Lagrange, M., and Plumbley, M.D. (2013, January 9\u201313). A database and challenge for acoustic scene classification and event detection. Proceedings of the 21st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2013), Marrakesh, Marocco."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2778423","article-title":"Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events: Outcome of the DCASE 2016 Challenge","volume":"26","author":"Mesaros","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Mesaros, A., Heittola, T., Diment, A., Elizalde, B., Shah, A., Vincent, E., Raj, B., and Virtanen, T. (2017, January 16\u201317). DCASE 2017 challenge setup: Tasks, datasets and baseline system. Proceedings of the DCASE 2017-Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Nencini, L. (2015, January 12\u201316). DYNAMAP monitoring network hardware development. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV22), Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Nencini, L. (2017, January 7\u20139). Progetto e realizzazione del sistema di monitoraggio nell\u2019ambito del progetto Dynamap. Proceedings of the 44\u2218 Congress of the Italian Acoustic Association, Pavia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"International Electroacoustics Commission (2013). Electroacoustics-Sound Level Meters-Part 1: Specifications (IEC 61672-1), International Electroacoustics Commission."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Nencini, L., Bisceglie, A., Bellucci, P., and Peruzzi, L. (2016, January 21\u201324). Identification of failure markers in noise measurement low cost devices. Proceedings of the 45th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering (InterNoise 2016), Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orga, F., Al\u00edas, F., and Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M. (2017). On the Impact of Anomalous Noise Events on Road Traffic Noise Mapping in Urban and Suburban Environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010013"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Pierre, R.L.S., and Maguire, D.J. (2004, January 12\u201314). The impact of A-weighting sound pressure level measurements during the evaluation of noise exposure. Proceedings of the NOISE-CON 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socor\u00f3, J.C., Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M., Al\u00edas, F., and Orga, F. (2019). Acoustic Conditions Analysis of a Multi-Sensor Network for the Adaptation of the Anomalous Noise Event Detector. Proceedings, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-5-05738"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2012.2199972","article-title":"Gammatone Cepstral Coefficients: Biologically Inspired Features for Non-Speech Audio Classification","volume":"14","author":"Valero","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Orga, F., Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M., Al\u00edas, F., Socor\u00f3, J.C., Bellucci, P., and Peruzzi, L. (2017, January 7\u20139). Anomalous Noise Events Considerations for the Computation of Road Traffic Noise Levels in Suburban Areas: The DYNAMAP\u2019s Rome Case Study. Proceedings of the 44\u00b0 Congress of the Italian Acoustic Association, Pavia, Italy."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:50Z","timestamp":1760187290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19112480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19112480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]}}}