{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:18:40Z","timestamp":1778858320910,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2015A030308017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015A030308017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11602087, 11472109, 11772131, 11772132, and 11772134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11602087, 11472109, 11772131, 11772132, and 11772134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005015","name":"South China University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014ZC17 and 2017ZD096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014ZC17 and 2017ZD096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) has become an important tool to ensure the safety of infrastructures. However, determining methods to extract valuable information from large amounts of data from SHM systems for effective identification of damage still remains a major challenge. This paper provides a novel effective method for structural damage detection by introduction of space and time windows in the traditional principal component analysis (PCA) technique. Numerical results with a planar beam model demonstrate that, due to the presence of space and time windows, the proposed double-window PCA method (DWPCA) has a higher sensitivity for damage identification than the previous method moving PCA (MPCA), which combines only time windows with PCA. Further studies indicate that the developed approach, as compared to the MPCA method, has a higher resolution in localizing damage by space windows and also in quantitative evaluation of damage severity. Finally, a finite-element model of a practical bridge is used to prove that the proposed DWPCA method has greater sensitivity for damage detection than traditional methods and potential for applications in practical engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T02:08:40Z","timestamp":1559527720000},"page":"2521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Principal Component Analysis Method with Space and Time Windows for Damage Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Licheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zejia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1694","article-title":"Structural health monitoring and damage assessment Part I: A critical review of approaches and methods","volume":"8","author":"Gunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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