{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1760240412654,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFB1200100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB1200100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61502354, 61231013 and 61271195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61502354, 61231013 and 61271195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of China","award":["61521091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61521091"]}]},{"name":"State Scholarship Fund of the China Scholarship Council (CSC)","award":["201406025008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201406025008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cooperative communication improves the link throughput of wireless networks through spatial diversity. However, it reduces the frequency reuse of the entire network due to the enlarged link interference range introduced by each helper. In this paper, we propose a cooperative medium access control (MAC) protocol with optimal relay selection (ORS-CMAC) for multihop, multirate large scale networks, which can reduce the interference range and improve the network throughput. Then, we investigate the performance gain achieved by these two competitive factors, i.e., the spatial frequency reuse gain and spatial diversity gain, in large scale wireless networks. The expressions of maximum network throughput for direct transmissions and cooperative transmissions in the whole network are derived as a function of the number of concurrent transmission links, data packet length, and average packet transmission time. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. The theoretical and simulation results show that the helper can reduce the spatial frequency reuse slightly, and spatial diversity gain can compensate for the decrease of the spatial frequency reuse, thereby improving the network throughput from the viewpoint of the whole network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1559792281000},"page":"2565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Interference Range-Reduced Cooperative Multiple Access with Optimal Relay Selection for Large Scale Wireless Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Sino-French Engineer School, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Caizhao","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China"}]},{"given":"Zixiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"541","article-title":"A Survey of Cooperative MAC Protocols for Mobile Communication Networks","volume":"14","author":"Zhuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2012.0739","article-title":"Survey on cooperative medium access control protocols","volume":"7","author":"Ju","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2007.070210","article-title":"CoopMAC: A Cooperative MAC for Wireless LANs","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2006.1611050","article-title":"Diversity through coded cooperation","volume":"5","author":"Hunter","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2005.853304","article-title":"Cooperative strategies and capacity theorems for relay networks","volume":"51","author":"Kramer","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.838089","article-title":"Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior","volume":"50","author":"Laneman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.885773","article-title":"Multinode cooperative communications in wireless networks","volume":"55","author":"Saderk","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2335732","article-title":"Throughput Analysis of Cooperative Communication in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Frequency Reuse","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.01.070503","article-title":"REX: A random exclusive region based scheduling scheme for mmWave WPANs with directional antenna","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"822","article-title":"A Survey on Cooperative Diversity for Wireless Networks","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.110108","article-title":"A Novel Adaptive Distributed Cooperative Relaying MAC Protocol for Vehicular Networks","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2006.137","article-title":"rDCF: A Relay-Enabled Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.SUP.0513042","article-title":"CAH-MAC: Cooperative ADHOC MAC for Vehicular Networks","volume":"31","author":"Bharati","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.22","article-title":"Network Coding Aware Cooperative MAC Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.97","article-title":"Medium Access with Adaptive Relay Selection in Cooperative Wireless Networks","volume":"13","author":"Adam","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-009-0232-8","article-title":"CoopMACA: A cooperative MAC protocol using packet aggregation","volume":"2010","author":"Jibukumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wireless Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2159872","article-title":"Two-Relay-Based Cooperative MAC Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"60","author":"Khalid","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.122010.100773","article-title":"Link-Utility-Based Cooperative MAC Protocol for Wireless Multi-hop Networks","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.060811.101196","article-title":"Cross-Layer Cooperative MAC Protocol in Distributed Wireless Networks","volume":"10","author":"Shan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasolo, E., Rossetto, F., and Zorzi, M. (2008, January 3\u20134). Network coding meets MIMO. Proceedings of the 2008 4th Workshop on Network Coding, Theory and Applications, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETCOD.2008.4476169"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.020712.101900","article-title":"STiCMAC: A MAC Protocol for Robust Space-Time Coding in Cooperative Wireless LANs","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2014.2320909","article-title":"Spatial Reuse and Fairness of Ad Hoc Networks with Channel-Aware CSMA Protocols","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090306","article-title":"Improving spatial reuse in multihop wireless networks\u2013A survey","volume":"11","author":"Alawieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Guo, X., Yang, L.L., and Conner, W.S. (2004, January 20\u201324). Leveraging spatial reuse in 802.11 mesh networks with enhanced physical carrier sensing. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Communications (ICC), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, H., and Fang, Y. (2006, January 23\u201329). Physical carrier sensing and spatial reuse in multirate and multihop wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2006), Barcelona, Spanish.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.119"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2331966","article-title":"Interference-based topology control algorithm for delay-constrained mobile ad hoc networks","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.10.005","article-title":"Topology control for minimizing interference with delay constraints in an ad hoc network","volume":"113","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2827930","article-title":"A concurrent transmission based broadcast scheme for urban VANETs","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2825281","article-title":"Low complexity green cooperative cognitive radio network with superior performance","volume":"13","author":"Askarizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.70790","article-title":"Understanding the Impact of Interference on Collaborative Relays","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1109\/49.840210","article-title":"Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function","volume":"18","author":"Bianchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.08.020","article-title":"A cooperative MAC protocol with rapid relay selection for wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2636","article-title":"CRP-CMAC: A priority-differentiated cooperative MAC protocol with contention resolution for multihop wireless networks","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet and Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., and Zhuang, W. (2013, January 14\u201319). Beneficial cooperation ratio in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566813"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2226485","article-title":"Cooperative Media Access Control with Optimal Relay Selection in Error-prone Wireless Network","volume":"63","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2014.3135","article-title":"Performance analysis of a k-round contention resolution scheme for WLANs","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, X., Liu, K., Xu, Z., and Liu, F. (2014, January 19\u201321). A relay-optimized cooperative MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE 2014), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE.2014.257"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2565\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:56:22Z","timestamp":1760187382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19112565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19112565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]}}}