{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:40:05Z","timestamp":1760240405071,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the estimation of the direction of arrival (DOA) for interference signals, the direction-finding error of the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm will increase in the case of multiple interferences or when the interfering signal power is weak. In this paper, a space-time conversion MUSIC (STC-MUSIC) algorithm is proposed, and the concept of a focusing parameter is introduced to improve the performance of the DOA estimation. Meanwhile, a method of variable step size peak search is proposed to reduce the amount of calculation of the STC-MUSIC algorithm. The final simulation and experimental results show that the STC-MUSIC algorithm improves the purity of the noise subspace effectively, thus improving the precision and robustness of the DOA estimation for interference signals significantly. In comparison to traditional algorithms, the convergence, stability, root mean square error (RMSE) and other performance characteristics are improved greatly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1559792281000},"page":"2570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimation of Interference Arrival Direction Based on a Novel Space-Time Conversion MUSIC Algorithm for GNSS Receivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Unmanned Systems Research, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianxu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Information and Telecommunication Branch, Beijing 100761, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0393-5","article-title":"Passive interference localization within the GNSS environmental monitoring system (GEMS): TDOA aspects","volume":"18","author":"Cetin","year":"2014","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2049264","article-title":"Nested Arrays: A Novel Approach to Array Processing with Enhanced Degrees of Freedom","volume":"58","author":"Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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